Health care law case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health care law case - Essay Example Mr Segedy appealed the comparative negligence verdict and the new trial order. Mrs Segedy suffered from lung and heart problems with likely causative agents emanating from rheumatic fever. She visited Dr I. Ibrahim who diagnosed her with mitral stenosis on June 2001 and on 21st September 2001 her cardiologist performed catheterization of the heart to evaluate the problem further. She was placed for heart surgery on 24th September 2001 by DR Netzley after he was consulted by her cardiologist. Mrs Segedy excused herself to visit her children before the surgery though she had been advised to remain in the hospital by her cardiologist. The operation was performed on Monday and after Dr Netzley determined that she was stable, he placed her in the ICU. However this did not work out as the heart malfunctioned rendering Dr Netzley to refer Mrs Segedy back to the operation room. She was placed under life support machine until 28th September 2001. The surgeon and the nurses did every little thing that would have been done by any responsible neurosurgeon to ensure the life of Mrs Segedy was not a risk. Mr Segedy sued Dr Netzley and company, Dr. Ibrahim and corporation and Summit Pulmonary and internal medicine Inc. for medicinal negligence. Mr. Segedy argued that Dr. Ibrahim failed the standard of care by failing to properly complete or reschedule a bronchoscopy, proximately causing Mrs Segedys death through a delay in diagnosis. He accused Dr Netzley of standard of care violation through transferring his wife from the operating room before she regained stability and failing to return her to the operation room immediately for appropriate medicinal care causing his wife’s death. The verdict was in favor of Dr Ibrahim thus he is not party to the appeal. The jury returned a verdict against Dr Netzley of amounts of $1,755,300 but was not supported by all the judges in the panel. After several consultations, the jury gave

How Smart Phones are the New PC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Smart Phones are the New PC - Research Paper Example The proceeding sections depict a detailed insight into this argument. II. Outline The paper discusses how the new technology ‘smart phones’ have given tough competition to personal computers by incorporating the features of a personal computer on a mobile phone. Traditionally, the cell phone did not offer many features except for simply text messaging and a call feature at most. However, with the passage of time, mobile phone manufacturers are incorporating a variety of tasks and functions to enhance the user experience. This has resulted in an overlapping of the functions provided by smart phones and personal computers. The paper discusses the manner in which the mart phone technology has become the new personal computer and its scope in future. III. Content The term ‘smart’ phones refers to top of the line mobile phones that are built using a technology known as the â€Å"mobile computing platform† and that offers enhanced connection features and co mputing power compared to the traditional mobile phone (Jipping). The initial ‘smart’ phones incorporated simpler, less sophisticated technology such as the camera and features of the PDA (Ilyas and Ahson). However, with the passage of time, more complex features were incorporated including GPS, GPRS, media players and video/voice recording. Contemporary smart phones not only include these, but also technology such as touch screens, web browsers, Wi-Fi and high speed internet experience (Jipping). These features have enhanced the user experience and let to the popularity of smart phones, raising questions about the threat this shall impose to personal computers. The Smartphone technology can be compared to the Swiss Army Knife metaphor (Emigh). Thus, Smartphone bears resemblance to a knife in terms of compactness and ease of use. The new Smartphones are not just mobile phones; they intend to offer more than just the conventional texting and calling features. Unlike its predecessors, the Smartphone now offers features such as the GPS which helps users to navigate the area they are in, to find their way through malls and shopping centres as well as for frequent travelers who want to find their way through a new city (Hinch). Thus, clearly the new Smartphone is a comprehensive phone that offers a complex range of features all at one click. However, similar to a Swiss Army Knife, not all of the â€Å"blades† or features of the Smartphone may be useful to a particular user (Emigh). IV. Comparison Whether or not smart phones are the new pc has been a heavily debated topic in the IT industry. According to one author, the question boils down to whether the Smartphone is a new pc or is it s Swiss army knife in disguise (Emigh). Some experts have suggested that with the rising trend of innovative mobile applications and the development of a multitude of mobile operating systems, the Smartphone is fast becoming the new PC. (Wood, Northam and Gjertsen) An example to illustrate this point could be Verizon, which offers the â€Å"Motorola Driod Bionic† that offers the 4G platform (Tokuda, Beigl and Friday). The mobile comes with dual-core chips (resembling the dual core chips in personal computer processors) (Hunn). Furthermore, mobile phones such as LG and Samsung boast of having models that offer processors as fast as 1 GHz (Ilyas and Ahson). The â€Å"

Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposited Coating

Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposited Coating Qiongyu Zhoua,b, Yadong Zhanga, Xiaofen Wanga, Hebing Wanga, Ping Oua* aSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, PR China bInstitute of Applied Physics, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Shangfang Road 108, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330029, PR China Keywords: Ni-W alloy; Composite coating; Cr2O3nano-particles; Microhardness; Corrosion resistance 1. Introduction Mild steel is a most widely-used metal materials in engineering and industrial applications due to its low price and acceptable properties [1]. However, mild steel could not be suitable served in the harsh environment because of its highly susceptible to corrosion and mediocre mechanical strengths [2]. Failures (such as corrosion or wear) often occur on the surfaces of mild steel devices [3]. Therefore, preparation of an protective coating is one of the best known methods for broadening the application fields of mild steel [4, 5]. In recent years, electrodeposition technology has been widely used because it is really a convenient, practical and inexpensive method for engineering application [6]. Numbers of metal or alloy (such as Ni [7], Zn [8], Cr [9], Ni-W [10, 11], Ni-Co [12], Zn-Ni [13] et al.) have been  electrodeposited as the protective coating on the surface of mild steel. Among these coatings, Ni-W alloy coating has drawn lots of interests as a candidate to replace hard ch romium, because of its low toxicity for aquatic species [10]. In general, the purpose of researches on electroplated Ni-W alloy coating is how to enhance their hardness and corrosion resistance. Particularly, incorporation a second ceramic particles into the growing metal or alloy matrix during the electroplating process is a effective method. The composite coatings always exhibited enhanced mechanical and corrosion properties [14-17]. For this reason, a large amount of researches have been drawn on Ni-W nanocomposite coatings (Ni-W-Al2O3[18], Ni-W-SiO2 [19],Ni-W-TiO2[20], Ni-W-diamond [21] and Ni-W-SiC[22], et. al). The ceramic particles used as the second-phase in the composite coatings, more or less, would promote the corrosion resistance, hardness or wear-resistance [23-25]. Although nano-Cr2O3 particles  have been certified as a favorable and considerable incorporated ceramic particles in Ni or Co coating [26, 27], there is no report about nano Cr2O3 particles employed in electrodeposition of Ni-W nanocomposite coatings so far. In this p aper, in order to improve the performance of Ni-W alloy coating which is know as a environment friendly protective coating with excellent for mild steel, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating was electrodepositied in the sulfate-citric bath containing various of Cr2O3 nanoparticles for improving both its hardness and corrosion resistance. Mild steel (1-1 cm2, Q235, Baosteel Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China) was used as cathode and a platinum plate (1-1 cm2, Xianren instrument Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China) was employed as the anode. The mild steel was mechanically polished by 800, 1200 and 2000 grit emery-paper and then ultrasonically cleaned in acetone for 600 s. The cleaned mild steel was activated in 10% (w/v) HCl solution for 30 s and then washed with distilled water. The base consist of electrolyte solution is as follows: 26.3 g/L NiSO4 ·6H2O, 98.95 g/L Na2WO4 ·2H2O, 147.05 g/L Na3C6H5O7 ·2H2O, 26.75 g/L NH4Cl, 0.3 g/L NaBr. Before electrodeposition, nano-Cr2O3 particles was added into the electrodeposition bath and then dispersed by ultrasonic concussion (3600 s) to break up agglomerates. The electroplating current density and time were 4 A/dm2 and 1800 s. 2.2. Coatings characterization The surface morphology was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6700F), supplied with an EDS spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, UK) for determining the chemical compositions of the coatings. The phase compositions of electrodeposited coatings were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/max-2200) with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation, operating at 40 kV and 40 mA, scanning from 20 ° to 100 ° with the step of 0.02 °. The surface microhardness ofNi-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings were measured using a microhardness tester (VH-3) at an applied load of 9.8 N for 15 s, each sample was tesetd five times for averaging. The corrosion behavior of the obtained coating was evaluated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution by using an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E). All experiments were conducted in a conventional three-electrode cell (consisting of the electro-deposied coating as a working electrode, Pt sheet as a counter electrode and SCE as a reference electrode). The potentiodynamic polarization test (Tafel) of electro-deposied coating was tested from -800 mV to -400 mV with a scan rate of 1 mV, while mild steel was tested from -900 mV to -600 mV. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted at Ecorr, with voltage perturbation amplitude of 10 mV in the frequency range from 105 Hz to 10-2Hz. All electrochemical tests are carried out at room temperature (25 oC). 3.1 Characterization of nano-Cr2O3particles The characterization of nano-Cr2O3particles was carried out by using TEM and XRD analysis, the results are displayed in Fig. 1. It is showed that the particles are free of secondary phases except Cr2O3, which is consists of polyhedral structure with the mean diameter of about 40 nm. Inevitably, there are  some degree of agglomeration between the nano-particles. The composition of electroplated W alloy coatings can be analysed by EDS as the previous studies [28]. The W content and Cr2O3 in the electroplated coatings as a function of Cr2O3 addition in the electroplating bath are displayed in Fig. 2. The Cr2O3 content is corresponding to detected Cr element ratio in Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings. As shown in Fig. 2, with the increase of Cr2O3 concentration in electroplating bath, the Cr2O3 particles incorporated in the coating increase rapidly when the Cr2O3 concentration is low (≠¤5 g/L). While it increases gradually when the Cr2O3 concentration is in range of 10-20 g/L. A deviation from the Langmuir adsorption behavior in the high Cr2O3 concentration solution is observed, which is caused by some particles would sedimentate by gravity in hydrodynamic conditions of without agitated. In addition, the results reveal that W content corresponding decreases with the increase of Cr2O3 addition in electroplating bath. This is because that th e sufficiently high overpotentials is in favour of deposition of W atom[29]. Once the Cr2O3 nano-particles adsorbed on cathode surface, it could form as nucleation sites and accordingly reduce the overpotentials. As a result, the deposition of W atom is inhibited, while Ni itself can also be deposited from its complex with citrate[30]. Fig. 3 shows the XRD patterns of the coatings electrodeposited in the bath with and without Cr2O3 nano-particles. In the bath without Cr2O3 nano-particles (shown in Fig.3a), the pattern of obtained coating consists of a broad peak from 41 ° to 47 °, indicating the amorphous nature of the Ni-W alloy coating. The amorphous structure should be electrodeposited under the pretense of the deposition rate is high compared to the exchange rate, which implies that all metal atoms are immediately discharged once they get to cathode surface. Thus, high content of W in the alloy must be observed, which is confirmed by the EDS result (45.8 wt.%, shown in Fig 2). What more, the amorphous characteristic also can be demonstrated by the SEM micrograph of Ni-W alloy coating (Fig.4a). As the results reported in the literatures by O. Younes [30] and T. Yamasaki [31], the electrodeposited Ni-W alloy coatings presented as an amorphous state when tungsten composition ranged from 20 to 40 at.%. While th e structure of deposited would transform once the Cr2O3 nano-particles existed in the bath, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings exhibit crystalline fcc structure of Ni-W alloy and Cr2O3 phases. The reason for this phenomenon is that the reduced overpotentials caused by the adsorbed Cr2O3 nano-particles on cathode surface would lead to deposition of crystalline phase, which is thermodynamically more stable than the amorphous phase [30]. Simultaneously, an unidentified peak at 2ÃŽ ¸Ã¢â€°Ë†41.4 is presented in the patterns of the Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings. Similar peak have been observed by I. Mizushima et. al [32] and R. JuÃ… ¡k-nas et. al [33]. The former proposed that it is the codeposition of nanocrystalline Ni(-W) and Ni-W-C phases [32]. While R. JuÃ… ¡k-nas et. al claimed this peak corresponded to NiWO4[33]. However, so far this anomalous peak remains unidentified. As the increasing of Cr2O3 nano-particles addition in solution, the intensity for diffraction peak of Ni-W (111) i ncreases and unidentified line profile decreases, indicating that grain sizes of the Ni-W crystallites increase and the unidentified phase in the composite coatings gradual reduce. Fig. 4 shows the surface morphology of the coatings electrodeposited in baths containing different amount of Cr2O3 nano-particles. In all cases, the coatings are compact, uniform and crack-free, which can provide a barrier to protect substrate material. In comparison of Ni-W coating which shows a typical amorphous characteristic which is absence of grain boundaries, Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings is consisted of irregular crystal structures, uniform distributed ultrafine Cr2O3 particles and some arresting big nodules, which is caused by Cr2O3 agglomerates codeposited with Ni-W as metal electrocrystallized. With the increase of Cr2O3addition in the solution, the Cr2O3 particles corresponding increase and the nodules trend to be unobvious. The reason may be that Cr2O3agglomerates become much more serious in the high concentration solution and then precipitate by settlement. Thus, the possibility for agglomerates absorbed on the vertically cathode surface and formation of nodules reduce during the electrodeposition process. Generally, homogeneous distribution of incorporated ceramic particles in composite coating would be benefit to enhance its properties [18]. 3.3. Microhardness The microhardnesses of Ni-W and Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings are showed in Fig. 5. Compared with Ni-W coating (687 HV0.1), Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings exhibite a considerable increase in microhardness (717~764 HV0.1). And the harness increase with the increase of Cr2O3concentration in the bath. Similar trend is usual observed in previous publication [18, 19]. The nano-particles incorporated in alloy coatings would positively contribute on the hardness by impeding the fast dislocation movement the grain boundary sliding of the matrix [19]. As a result, the hardness is direct relate to the incorporated Cr2O3particles in the coating, which increased with the Cr2O3 concentration in the bath ( as shown in Fig. 1). It is noted that the increase in hardness of the Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coating are limited when the Cr2O3 concentration in the bath increase from 10 g/L to 20 g/L. As the research published previously, both W content and incorporated nano-particles would contribute to the hard ness of W alloy coating [11, 20]. With the increase of Cr2O3 concentration in bath, the increase of Cr2O3 in electrodeposited coating would result in increased hardness, However, the promotion of hardness performance would be limited by the contrary effects of decrease of W content in electrodeposited coating. 3.4 Corrosion resistance properties The corrosion resistance of electrodeposited coating was evaluated by polarization curves and EIS, the result displayed in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, respectively. The corrosion parameters (Ecorr , icorr) extracted form polarization curves in Fig. 6 are listed in Table 1. It is revealed that both amorphous Ni-W coating and crystalline Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings show noble Ecorrcombine with low icorr compared with mild steel substrate. This means, the compact electrodeposited coatings can provide an effective protection for mild steel substrate. A passivation region (-0.55V~-0.45V) is observed in the anode area of polarization curves for Ni-W coating. Passive layer is often formed on the surface of amorphous alloy and provide protective effect for prevent further corrosion [34]. Meanwhile, the Ni-W coating show a lowest icorr in all electroplated coatings, indicating a most excellent corrosion resistance. In addition, with the increase of Cr2O3 concentration in electroplating bath, the corrosion resistance of obtainedNi-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating became better in view of a gradual increase of icorr. When the Cr2O3 concentration in the bath increased to 20 g/L, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating show a fairly approximate icorr compare with that of Ni-W coating. The corrosion reaction and products at the electrode/electrolyte interface can be analysed by EIS measurements in conjunction with impedance fitting. Fig. 7 show Nyquist plots of mild steel and electrodeposited coatings obtained in baths with different amount of Cr2O3 nano-particles. The plots for electrodeposited coating and mild steel substrate are consist of a continuous circle arcs, meaning that aggressive ions (Cl) can not across the compact coating and only one primary interfacial reactions occured between the coating surface (or mild steel sample) and electrolyte. To model this corrosion behavior, suitable equivalent circuits showed in Fig. 8 was employed [35]. In this equivalent circuit, Rs is solution resistance, Cdl is double-layer capacitance formed in the substrate/electrolyte interface, CPE is a constant phase element for revealing the non-ideal dielectric properties of the coatings, and Rct is the charge transfer resistance of the coating (or substrate) interface, which relate to the intrinsic corrosion reaction of materials. The fitted values are listed in Table 2. As shown, Rct value of Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating electrodeposited in the bath containing 2 g/L Cr2O3is much smaller than that of Ni-W coating. This is because passive layer formed on Ni-W coating surface would prevent corrosion reaction, while no passive behavior have been observed for the crystalline Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating. What more, the Rct values of Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating increase with the increase of Cr2O3concentration in the bath, and the Rct value of Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating electrodeposited in the bath containing 2 g/L Cr2O3is quite close to the Rct value of the Ni-W coating, meaning that this Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating have an excellent corrosion resistance as amorphous Ni-W coating. Compact Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings were electrodeposited on mild steel from sulfate-citrate bath containing Cr2O3nano-particles. Compared with Ni-W coating (687 HV0.1), Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings exhibite a considerable increase in microhardness value (717~764 HV0.1). In addition, incorporation of little Cr2O3nano-particles into amorphous Ni-W coating would transform its structure to crystalline, which resulted in no passive behavior occurred on the coating surface and decrease of corrosion resistance. However, the corrosion resistance of Ni-W-Cr2O3 coating could be improved with the increase of Cr2O3concentration in the bath. Finally, a excellent Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating with approximate corrosion resistance and much higher hardness compared with Ni-W coating can be obtained in the bath containing 20 g/L Cr2O3nano-particles. This Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating can be considered as an ideal protective coating to broaden the application of mild steel.

prejudice in greek system Essay -- essays research papers

A major part of every college campus is the Greek system. Although, many times it goes unnoticed there is major segregation among the fraternities and sororities in the south. Why is such an important issue often overlooked? We need to be more aware of segregation because in many cases it causes conflict. What if an African American wanted to join a traditionally white fraternity or sorority or vise versa? The chances of him/her getting in are pretty slim. In fact, it would be most likely that they would not. The walls of race and the barriers from so-called ?traditions? in the Greek system should be broken in order to diversify the organizations and lead to the changes necessary to end segregation and discrimination for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War was over 130 years ago, and racial issues still stand even though it has been so long. It amazes me that discrimination and racism carries on today, especially among such younger generations such as college students. One would think that the younger generations would be more aware and more understanding of racial issues. After all it is these younger generations which were raised knowing that discrimination is wrong and everyone is equal no matter what their race or sex. Everywhere in the south a distinct separation between the black and white fraternities and sororities exists. Taking a look, even within the system ?the white fraternities belong to the InterFraternity Council, the white sororities to Panhellenic and the black Greeks to the National Panhellenic Council? (McCarthy). This separation only adds to the issue of racism and discrimination that continues to this day. Many of us think that it is not our problem or choose to ignore the issue. Many think that it is just the way it is; they are right, that is the way it is, but it does not have to be segregated. By sitting back and watching, we are agreeing with segregation and saying that it is okay. Efforts to conduct more interactions within the system and among chapters should be made. A director of Greek Life, Ron Binder, pointed out that ?we wanted to be the office of Greek Life, not the white office of Greek Life? (McCarthy). The Greek system in the north proves to be different than the south. There is no such thing as a ?black? or ?white? fraternity in the north. In the north you will find many African Americans and other minor... ...old student at Georgia Tech, is a promising one. Against the odds, he has faced the segregation issue head on, and joined a traditionally white fraternity known as Pi Kappa Phi, as the only African American. Even more uplifting is the fact that he is the president of the fraternity as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maybe now we can see that segregation in the Greek system can be a problem. It is left not up one but to all to take a stand, step outside the boundaries, and acknowledge the fact that segregation and discrimination is wrong. There is a problem and as with all other problems it will not be solved on its own. It takes hard work and a genuine effort to make a difference. In no way is the racial separation among the fraternities and sororities helping to solve the worldwide issues of discrimination. Hopefully in the very near future we can look past the color of skin. Using something so petty as skin color to separate people is only holding us back. Those who still use skin color as a way to judge a person are living a life of ignorance. If we are unable to get past such an issue than we will never be able to grow as individuals and as a nation to our full potential.

Preparation For Life Education Is Life Itself Education Essay

Education is a lifetime procedure with no true beginning or stoping. Education consists of experience, environment, socialization and communicating. John Dewey assumed that â€Å" all echt instruction comes through experience. † I agree and believe that instruction does non get down and stop in a schoolroom. The instruction that we really receive is the amount of experience that we let ourselves to be exposed to. A It is the responsibility of an pedagogue to animate his pupils and enhance that desire to larn by the schoolroom environment that he creates. For Peters ( 1977 ) , instruction is non merely that what develop in person is of import but every bit good that it involves the growing of cognition and comprehension. Furthermore, apart from the schoolroom environment, the course of study, and the mode the schoolroom is managed are cardinal factors that contribute to the quality of instruction that a pupil receives. Like Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) , I think that little categories, dwelling of 15 to twenty pupils are ideal for a good instruction. As this allows for a more friendly relationship between the instructor and the pupils and there is more clip for individualised direction that would let the pupils better success. A instruction doctrine gives insight into your basic beliefs of instruction and acquisition. It reveals the values you wish and want to convey to your scholars. My beliefs about acquisition and instruction are straight linked to my ain experiences as a trainee and a pupil every bit good. For the last two hebdomads as an perceiver in the instruction field, as a pre-service instructor, and as being a pupil for legion old ages, I have realised that there are four facets that make person an effectual instructor: teacher-student relationship, communicating, learning techniques, and uninterrupted acquisition. A positive and safe environment is contributing to effectual acquisition. A good instructor must possess learning accomplishments and the ability to efficaciously learn all sort of pupils. With the socio-economic alteration and the handiness of new information in the field of particular instruction, it is imperative to remain up to day of the month and unfastened minded. The values I want to convey to my pupils are that instruction is power and cognition is indispensable. Through instruction anyone can carry through anything in life. I do believe that non all kids are able to achieve the same educational degree but I do experience that every kid has his ain manner of understanding things that make sense to him. I hope to stress different ways to larn in my schoolroom which may include ocular, verbal and kinesthetic. I plan to integrate assorted methods throughout my learning experience. I want my pupils to be able to larn in every manner they are capable of. During my research I came across a great philosopher which I tend to hold with, John Dewey. Harmonizing to him, instruction is the â€Å" creative activity of cognition through enquiry instead than the transmittal of extant information † . Furthermore, he stated that â€Å" echt instruction is based on the experience of the scholar † . As a pupil, I spent school old ages larning in an improper manner. I was far from being an academically stand outing pupil since I literally did non cognize how to larn. Hence I could non understand how to travel through the most of import things which was necessary to retrieve that my instructors would desire me to cognize and understand. I realised that I learn by making and non by listening to talks. My doctrine is chiefly a combination of progressivism, behaviorism and existential philosophy. I like progressive attack as I understand that instructors need to be at that place for their pupils. Teachers act as a facilitator and a usher to their pupils. Students do necessitate to larn to make things on their ain and at their ain gait, yet with scaffolding. I become witting that pupils are non empty vass instead they possesses innately the â€Å" natural stuffs † and the get downing point of growing ( Dewey, 1934 ) . Dewey strongly agrees that instructors should steer pupil through experience but pupil should every bit voice their experiences ( Nodding, 2007 ) . I believe in the progressivism enterprise to do schooling both interesting and utile. Hence I intend to integrate group-work, field trips and organizing games in my category. Sometimes seeing is better than reading, and making an exercising is better remembered and understood than merely reading it. I besides like the doctrine of behaviourism because it provides positives supports like wagess and congratulations for good and coveted behaviour. This will promote motive, construct self-esteem and innate a feeling of self-responsibility within the pupils. However, to cover with riotous pupils sometimes, in utmost instances, instructors need to follow negative support like excess prep. Using existential philosophy, I want my pupils to be self expressive. There will be all types of pupils from slow, to average, to gifted. I want my pupils to ever experience like they can inquire inquiries and to be able to show their positions. I believe that acquisition is the procedure which a individual acquires knowledge through both direction and instruction. As a instructor my responsibility is to ease that this acquisition is taking topographic point for my pupils. Part of my aim as an pedagogue is to go through on the cognition presented in the class from their different beginnings like the text and other readings, talks and in category treatments. The method I will utilize or type of attack I will utilize to smooth the advancement of acquisition and apprehension are the chief elements of the instruction procedure. Therefore, the tools I will utilize will depend on a myriad of factors. For case, the class type, category size and capable affair. However, it happens that the attack one has envisioned is non needfully the right one, so alteration must be made on my side to relieve any job. For case, when seeking to do an abstract construct as more applicable with the existent fact, it may be required to hold several il lustrations at disposal. This is so as a frame of mention and consciousness may be different than the pupils. The in category talk is still an indispensable tool in the acquisition procedure but at the same clip develop an environment of critical thought and active acquisition. Engagement is a cardinal factor of the in category experience. It gives the pedagogue a signifier of day-to-day feedback from his category as a whole and every bit from each single pupil about the appreciation of capable affair covered in that session. No affair what philosophy person agrees with, all instructors should desire to convey out the best in all pupils and do certain that their pupils are acquiring every opportunity to be successful. If a pupil is non succeeding, we instructors must step in and do alteration as we can and hold the ability to do a difference.

Ethical Conflicts Essay

Because human services work often involves direct client interaction, there are times when the values of the worker differ from those of their clients. In these circumstances, ethical dilemmas tend to arise. Review the case examples and current ethical conflicts presented in Chapter 5 of your textbook. Choose (1) Case study :Social and Moral Issues in the Case of a 96-Year-Old Woman- page 141 96 years old woman live alone, Her house is full of trash .House is a health hazard with all the trash. bring on unwanted guess( rats which make the house unhealthy to live in). The house seem to be a fire hazard with all the trash in the house. The house has a bad order which has made a worker sick. The floor is in needed of repair , this can be unsafe for her one day. she slept in one room. The owner her nephew will not fix repairs. The stove is on and burning all day with trash on it. Doctors say she is mentally competent (1) Ethical conflict Will her right be taken away from her by removed her from her home. Is it right to leave her in a home that is unsafe for her to live. This is very difficult for one to choose but is it morally right to leave her in a house that you know is not safe. Should her nephew be held accountable for his home. To discuss, and present the dilemmas involved in each case. As a human services professional, how would you handle these situations? How would you balance your values as a professional with a client’s needs? Well for one she is unsafe in her home . I would have the house inspected by the city to confirm that its not safe for her. My balance I think would be to stay focus she 96 maybe it is time for her to have some one look after her and still give her independence. If she was a child living under those condition a worker would remove her from the home until it is improve. To me in my opinion she needs to be safe Schram, BRMB, Introduction to Human services : Policy and Practice, Eight Edition Values, Skills, and Knowledge To work in the field of human services, individuals must possess a unique blend of personal and professional values, skills, and knowledge. Using Table 4.1 as a reference, provide an overview of the structure and content of the helping relationship. Discuss the characteristics of an effective human service worker in relation to the A.S.K. pyramid, describe how each of these levels of the pyramid are of equal importance in human services, and explain how this differs from other fields. How would clients be disadvantaged, for example, by an unsympathetic, inflexible, unskilled worker? Working in this field we will need to have the knowledge of the A.S.K pyramid. The pyramid has three different parts. Knowing and using all three will help you in this field of work. The three parts are 1 Knowledge-is about human growth and social problems. people 2-Skiills- being able to be an good listener, while interviewing and watching your surrounding for clues while collecting data 3 Attitude- Having empathy and try to be very patience , be willing to help without judging. In order to give our best, we must apply A.S.K in your work field . We work with people which sometime can be trying every day. No one is the same. We as social worker will have an affect on by working close with them. We will be working to help change lives more so than other fields. A client would be disadvantaged by and unsympathetic, inflexible , unskilled worker because they would not show empathy nor have the patient that they would need . They would not have the knowledge that is need to help them, I believe they would not even listen they would just judge.

The Hamlet in Me essays

The Hamlet in Me essays Whether we are planning to build a boat or hoping to write a good essay, the only way to go about these tasks is to make a detailed plan of all the steps that need to be taken in order to get the desired result. If you spontaneously decide to build a boat, the result may be a plywood tub that leaks from all sides, let alone hold anyone in it. Hamlet, a seventh century story put to life through the amazing writing of Shakespeare, is a play that shows how meticulous and well thought out plans will bring about the desired result. The plays main character, Hamlet, is a Renaissance man that struggles with the corrupt world around him. He must deal with such issues like "blood for blood revenge" when his own uncle kills his father and takes his place as king. A ghost king appears to Hamlet and catalyzes the events that follow in the play. Hamlet must devise a plan to take revenge for his father and bring to justice all the people who have marred the situation. Though the church mandates through its moral code that Hamlet not take revenge, Hamlet tries to find the worst fate for his devious uncle possible: "Now might I do it, now he is a-praying, And now I'll do't and so he goes to heave...When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, or in th' incestuous pleasure of his bed...Then trip him...And that his soul may be as damned and black As hell, whereto it goes" (3.4.77-100). Hamlet finally gains the nerve to kill his uncle, but sheaths his sword when he realizes that if he kills him while he is praying, his uncle will ascend to heaven. He ultimately decides to kill his uncle when he commits a sin, so that his soul "may be as damned and black as hell." He goes through a meticulous thought process, which shows him both his options and when to act to give his uncle the most cruel and horrible death he deserves. His actions also bring in a conflict between church and the revengeful calls of his families past. I ...

Psychology - Stress essays

Psychology - Stress essays For my assignment I decided to write about stress. This is a subject, that as a first-year, mature student with a family, I felt was quite applicable. I intend to look at a period in December 2000 rather that reflecting upon the last nine months, although the whole of the nine months has been stressful. I thought long and hard what is stressing me out? The answer was easy; everything is stressing me out. I read several articles about stress, looking at leaflets, module handouts, textbooks and Internet articles. I decided, that to enable me to cope with my stress, I had to look at the taxonomy of stress. Firstly, what is stress? Stress can mean many things to different people. Some may define stress in terms of pressure, tension, unpleasant external forces or emotional response. Lazarus and Launier (1978) defined stress as a transaction between people and the environment. Within this definition, stress involves an interaction between the stressor and distress. Stressor can be defined as the external environment and the response to this stressor is described as distress. Some people appear to be more strongly affected by stressors than other people or may be affected more on one occasion than another. The reason for this appears to lie in mediating factors, factors that influence the transaction between people and their environments. Stress is therefore not a specific event, it is a process in which the intensity of stress responses depends on how stressors are mediated by factors such as the way people think about them and the skills and resources they have to cope with them. Through quite extensive reading, I identified with a particular stress model Cannons fight of flight model (1932). This model was developed by Cannon in 1932, which suggested that external threats elicited the fight or flight responses. Within Cannons model, stress was defined as a response to external stressors...

Knock the writers block - Emphasis

Knock the writers block Knock the writers block Most people have felt the curse of the dreaded writers block: that plummeting feeling of panic that takes hold as you stare hopelessly at a blank page, or at that accursed flashing cursor. If youre afflicted with this condition, youre in good company. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Ralph Ellison and F. Scott Fitzgerald are all said to have been fellow sufferers. So dont despair just read on to help release the report (or proposal, letter, webpage) within. The block explained The main reason for writers block is anxiety. And our worries may stem from several causes for example, we: dont understand the brief want our document to be just too perfect have too much information have too little information have too little time. A second reason for not being able to get going is boredom we may feel totally uninspired by the piece we have to write. Finally, and quite understandably, we might just have too much going on in our lives outside work and cant concentrate on the task in hand. The block strikes Wherever it comes from, that horrible state of blankness can be utterly debilitating. The times were most likely to have difficulty are right at the beginning and around the conclusion of our piece of work. Breaking the block Luckily, there are many ways to solve this problem. And here are some that will save your document and your sanity. Plan properly You can reduce your anxiety enormously by planning properly. To do this well, make sure you ask your line manager or reader enough questions about the brief before you begin. You may start off feeling quite confident, but this can quickly evaporate if youre not entirely sure where youre headed and why. Try drawing a spidergram: put the topic or title at the centre and make each leg an important aspect you need to cover. Ask yourself what you need to say about each of these aspects: asking yourself the who-what-why-how-where questions will help to make sure youve got it all down. Leave off the hair shirt Dont beat yourself up, itll only add to the feeling of frustration. Instead, put it in perspective and consider the readers point of view. This will take your focus away from your own fears, as well as producing a document that will be best for your intended audience. If youre just feeling a bit fed up with it all, try to remember what made you enthusiastic about your subject in the first place or why it is a worthy topic. After all, if youre bored with what you write, why should anyone else want to read it? Manage your time If your problem is procrastination, then set a time to start and stick to it. If the whole task seems huge and overwhelming, tell yourself you will just do fifteen minutes then have a break. Chopping assignments into chunks makes the whole process feel more manageable. Find out more on a writing skills course You can boost your business-writing confidence still further by attending one of our High-impact business writing courses. You can learn a surprising amount from our expert trainers in as little as one day, and become much more able and enthusiastic about your writing.

Solar System Formation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solar System Formation - Lab Report Example The alignment different from that when the Moon is in its 1st quarter phase. Where is the dark side of the Moon? Facing away from sun. Where is the far side of the Moon? _facing away from sun_ 2. Starting with a new moon (Sun-Moon-Earth alignment), rotate the Earth once. True or False: All locations on the Earth (ignore the N/S poles) see a new moon, or close to a new moon (that is, if we could actually â€Å"see† a new moon). 3. Keep stepping through this process (rotate Earth once, move the Moon 12 degrees) until you get to the first quarter moon (7.5 rotations of the Earth). True or False: All locations on Earth see a 1st quarter moon, or close to it over the course of 1 rotation of the Earth. 11. The Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours, making our day 24 hours long. We will loosely define a day as the length of time it takes the Sun to return to the same place in the sky at a given location. In Earth days, how long is a day if you lived on the Moon? Is the dark side of the Moon always dark? Explain. ] 720hours. It is not always dark! One complete rotation of the moon round the earth takes approximately 30 days. Thus, 30 days multiplied by 24hours =720 hours. The moon reflects the light of the sun to the earth as it revolves and the side which is not stricken by the light does not reflect this light and hence the dark side of the moon but in real sense it is not dark but failed to receive light to reflect at a given phase. 14. Choose from: WNW, WSW, SSW, SSE, ESE, ENE, NNE, NNW. For science, it is sufficient to note just one observation that negates this â€Å"shadowed Moon† idea to have the hypothesis disproved. Figure 2 shown below is an observation that does just that. The phase is waxing crescent and the Sun is still up, located in the WNW. The Moon is in the SW sky. The shadows of those trees in the image must point in which direction?__SSE_____ . The shadow of the Moon must then point parallel to

Employee Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Privacy - Research Paper Example It is also reasonable from an employer’s perspective to keep track of their employees if there is lack in quality of work. This research paper focuses on the current issues related to off-duty conduct and its effects on the privacy of employees. Employers have the technological means to find out, what workers do in their own time. However, the right to monitor employees’ personal conduct is limited based on the employees’ rights under law and specific rules. Under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), an employer is not supposed to conduct any kind of surveillance on employees during any gatherings off-duty1. If employees discuss about their workspace and their job related issues in union activities, it should not be made public by employers. Instead employers should keep away from social activities of employees if it is out of their interest. According to law, if an employer sends a supervisor to overhear on group discussions or private meetings then he is violating the rules set up by the NLRA. Similarly, the guidelines set by NLRA also states that Drug Testing should only be performed if any suspicious activity is recorded during working hours. NLRA states that drug testing has the potential to reveal an employee’s use of drug outside the office so it has been subjected to private litigation. The employers may face challenges on this stand because there are many employees who do-not perform their work properly. There may be several reasons behind it, including consumption of drugs before working hours. The employees may not react or let employers know that they are biased by drugs and employers many have to accept the low quality performance of employees. The Drug Testing in most of the organizations is conducted before joining of an employee or during any suspicious cases. For Example, if an applicant failed to pass the drug test in

Corruption and Integrity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corruption and Integrity - Research Paper Example Its major religion is Islam (Sunni) with an estimated literacy rate of 38% (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa lying along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. "It is bounded by Djibouti in the northwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Kenya in the southwest. In area it is slightly smaller than Texas. Generally arid and barren, Somalia has two chief rivers, the Shebelle and the Juba." According to records, in the years January 1991 until August 2000, it had no stable government. "A fragile parliamentary government was formed in 2000, but it expired in 2003 without establishing control of the country. In 2004, a new transitional parliament was instituted and elected a president" (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia has a GDP/PPP approximately $5.575 billion with a per capita of $600. Its real growth rate is 2.6% and there is no inflation rate record because "businesses print their own money". Despite its vast land area, it has only an arable land of 2% that is produces bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; and fish. Its labor force is 3.7 million with very few are skilled laborers (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html).. Sharing the rank of second most corrupt country with Myanmar is Iraq. ... Its major religion is Islam. Its major source of income is oil with very little agriculture due to its vast desert land (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). Iraq maintains a constitutional democracy with a federal system of government. "The executive branch is made up of the Presidency Council (one president, two deputy presidents) and a Council of Ministers (one prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, and 34 cabinet ministers)." Its legislative branch is made up of an elected Council of Representatives and a Federation Council. There are 275 members of the Council of Representatives. The judicial branch is independent (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). On the other hand, Denmark shares the least corrupt country with New Zealand and Sweden. Its government is parliamentary, headed by a Queen and a Prime Minister. Its industrialized market economy is based on materials imported through foreign trade maintaining a liberal trade policy within the European Union. About 1% of its gross national product (GNP) is given to foreign aid to less developed countries. This is only a manifestation that Danish economy is high and stable. In addition, all citizens of Denmark receive basic health care and real poverty is out of place in this country (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/denmark.html). Denmark is an active member of International Organizations such as the: United Nations; NATO; the EU; Nordic cooperation; the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; the World Trade Organization (WTO); the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the Council of

Fatigue and performance in aviation Annotated Bibliography

Fatigue and performance in aviation - Annotated Bibliography Example The second part of alert management focus on implementing information gained through research such as scheduled sleep, which will help in improving alertness of pilots. According to findings, scheduled naps have the potential of enhancing alertness to 100%, and increasing performance by 34% (Fiorino 2). This is a credible article published on Aviation Week & Space Technology, which is a reputable publication. In addition, the author constantly refers to information by Mark R. Rosekind, Rosekind is former NASA research scientist, and a consultant on Alertness Solutions, which means he has a good background on the issue of fatigued pilots in aviation, and thus, making the source credible. In addition, the source is objective as it draws information from various people and sources, rather than making personal assumptions. The author is a senior editor with this publication in Safety & Training category, thus, given the background she provides reliable information. This source relates with other sources in this bibliography because of its major focus on fatigued pilots. This source will be helping in my research topic by arguing that fatigue in pilots is the cause of airplane accidents. Thus, it engages in a similar conversation with the other sources, as well as give an insight into the solutions for combating fatigue of pilots. This article investigates the effect of long layovers and a short layover for pilots on sleep and alertness. The research carried out on pilots of Long haul airline reveals through mixed model regression analysis that the length of layover present no effect on inflight sleep, as well as ground based sleep. On the other hand, the study showed that a layover length impacts on the alertness of pilots. For instance, with short layovers, pilots exhibited high levels of fatigue and poor sustenance of attention. On the other hand, pilots who took long layovers were more attentive. According to the authors,

Islamic legal system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic legal system - Research Paper Example It is for this practice of corporal punishment in Islamic countries that they fail to gain membership in the European Union. In the document released by European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia in 2006, focus is given to the status of Muslim population in the European Union. The document states that owing to the reason of Muslim people’s increased participation in terrorist activities a fear has generated in regards to the entire Muslim race, called Islamophobia. Due to this fear even, the Muslim members in the European Union are facing a disadvantageous position. The article ‘World of Islam’ puts focus on a highly controversial issue regarding the Islamic religion. It is held that the religion of Islam has helped itself in spreading rapidly throughout the world through high amount of bloodsheds and a sense of Imperialism. However, the article argues that the religion of Islam condemns forceful transformation of people to Islamic religion. It rather encourages the growth of other religions. In the article on ‘Islam: The second largest world religion†¦and growing’ (n.d.) it is stated that Islamic religion has a huge number of followers spread throughout the world. An estimate is provided which mentions that Muslim population throughout the world ranges from 0.7 to 1.8 billion. In regards to the above fact, it is stated that by the middle of the twenty first century Islam would turn into the world’s largest religion. Author Vicki Gallay in the article ‘The Religion of Muslim’ states that Muslims mainly compose the regions of Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nigeria. Moreover, he also states that amongst the entire Muslim population in the world 25 percent belong to Middle East countries while in America the Muslim population stands at 6 million. In the document of ‘The Ideal Personality of a Muslim’ (n.d.) it is stated

Business Financing and the Capital Structure Essay

Business Financing and the Capital Structure - Essay Example Financial planning of the corporation would include building a plan to meet the expenses of the future through its holdings on assets after considering the predicted future cash flows and plans for withdrawal or allocation of funds. Financial planning help the corporations to understand the changes required in the areas of investment and allocation of assets in order to meet their financial goals. Thus financial planning ensures smooth transition of the financial position of the companies to attain the long term goals in future and also to meet the short term operational need. The process of financial planning is significant for the companies to attain sustainability in a competitive market (Baker and  Powell, 2009). Working capital of corporations is the difference between the current assets and current liabilities of the corporation. Working capital management involves maintenance of optimum levels of both the current liabilities and current assets of the corporation. Optimum lev el of current asset and current liabilities indicate maintenance of sufficient current assets and cash in hand in order to meet the short term liability and expenses for daily operation in an efficient manner. The important ratios that are useful for effective working capital management are inventory turnover, account payables and accounts receivables. The excess cash is parked by businesses through the marketable securities like debentures and bonds that could be converted into cash within a short period of time. The marketable securities for parking excess cash provide a source of high liquidity. The high liquidity requirement could be met by the corporations by use of marketable securities due to the presence of large number of buyers in the market. The financial instruments used to park excess cash are exposed to lesser market risk as these could be transformed into liquid cash at any point of time. 2. Assume that you are financial advisor to a business. Describe the advice that you would give to the client for raising business capital using both debt and equity options in today’s economy. The valuation of companies had become vulnerable from the period of economic recession which turned into a global financial meltdown. Although the situation has recovered to an extent since last year which was backed by performance of the emerging economies, the investors are still circumspect on investing in equities of the companies without doing adequate research. Thus the raising of business capital through a mix of debt and equity options would be suitable for the companies. The equity financing option of raising capital would involve issue of shares to the public for raising funds. The companies would have to share the profits with the increased number of shareholders. The risk of investments, however, would also be shared with investors. The ownership structure of the company would get diluted and the control over business decision making would be reduced. The funds raised through debt financing option are also painful for the companies over a period of time due to the regular interest payments to be done by them. The cost of debt financing, however, would be reduce due to the tax deductibility feature. Due to the tax shields, the companies are in a position to reduce their interest payments. Thus a debt-equity mix strategy for raising business capital is suitable for the

Islamic legal system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic legal system - Research Paper Example It is for this practice of corporal punishment in Islamic countries that they fail to gain membership in the European Union. In the document released by European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia in 2006, focus is given to the status of Muslim population in the European Union. The document states that owing to the reason of Muslim people’s increased participation in terrorist activities a fear has generated in regards to the entire Muslim race, called Islamophobia. Due to this fear even, the Muslim members in the European Union are facing a disadvantageous position. The article ‘World of Islam’ puts focus on a highly controversial issue regarding the Islamic religion. It is held that the religion of Islam has helped itself in spreading rapidly throughout the world through high amount of bloodsheds and a sense of Imperialism. However, the article argues that the religion of Islam condemns forceful transformation of people to Islamic religion. It rather encourages the growth of other religions. In the article on ‘Islam: The second largest world religion†¦and growing’ (n.d.) it is stated that Islamic religion has a huge number of followers spread throughout the world. An estimate is provided which mentions that Muslim population throughout the world ranges from 0.7 to 1.8 billion. In regards to the above fact, it is stated that by the middle of the twenty first century Islam would turn into the world’s largest religion. Author Vicki Gallay in the article ‘The Religion of Muslim’ states that Muslims mainly compose the regions of Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nigeria. Moreover, he also states that amongst the entire Muslim population in the world 25 percent belong to Middle East countries while in America the Muslim population stands at 6 million. In the document of ‘The Ideal Personality of a Muslim’ (n.d.) it is stated

New Balance Case study Essay Example for Free

New Balance Case study Essay Good Management structure e. g. Van Rooyen the general manager Wide range of products across every sporting category Functional technological design in terms of fit. Foot widths have been incorporated in the design of the shoe. This distinguishes/ differentiates New Balance product from its competitors. Brand has been kept affordable in terms of price Inspired well-taken care of employees who are performance driven because of the culture of the company Is established in many countries and has quite a big global footprint Good relationship with retailers. They have been accommodated and close bonds have been formed with them. Good marketing techniques, focussing on strategies that the major competition have neglected OPPORTUNITIES (in order of the most lucrative) Nowadays people wear sneakers for leisure/fashion purposes and New Balance could target that market. New balance could establish other lines within their range for Leisure or even high end market, kids market etc. Target the soccer/ black market ( new balance has made little advancement in this sector) New balance was places as number one in the trail category. They should ride this wave; sponsor the person who won in that category. Create branded/ concept stores South Africa has a strong sporting culture that the company could capitalise on ( Netball, court, walking), New Balance needs to have more market share in these sectors Advancement in technology and innovation. New balance has the opportunity to update its products and come up with new innovations to keep up and to penetrate the market. Make headway into the online retailing sector. There is a growing level of health awareness in the public and more people are leading an active lifestyle. This has led to more sales of the running/sports gear. And New Balance has an opportunity to grow. Sports has become a source of entertainment and therefore there is more demand for it, and an opportunity to grow within the market In South Africa particularly there has been large growth in the middle income sector, and that is an opening/ gap market for the company to target. More product lines. WEAKNESSES Limited product line. New Balance has focused mainly on running. However, the market has been shifting to not only include serious athletes, but it now also caters to the more fashion-oriented crowd. This crowd tends to be from the younger generation, the part of the population that New Balance has so far not been focusing on. New Balance needs to expand into new product areas and remain competitive in the changing market. Manufacturing costs. With its competitors outsourcing most of their manufacturing to other countries such as China, Nike, Adidas and Reebok have been able to cut their manufacturing costs significantly. New Balance on the other hand manufactures its shoes in the USA. Has to order stock from abroad. New Balance falls behind its other major competitors, Nike, Adidas and Reebok, in the area of marketing. Unlike its competitors, New Balance does not undertake celebrity endorsements. This puts them at a disadvantage when it comes to brand building. This also causes the company to be at a disadvantage on gaining awareness on a global scale and they lose out on publicity from major global events. Most global brand names generate strong brand recognition through celebrity endorsements in sporting events (e. g. soccer and rugby world cups) that would give them the needed momentum to carry their brand name further into the global market. The fact that new Balance has multiple widths also adds to the cost of manufacturing Van Rooyen’s statement of: ‘’not wanting the shoe to be a giant, but to become known as better’’. Bigger is better, the words are synonymous with each other; there is no need to sacrifice the one to have the other. The company can be both bigger and better. THREATS The sportswear industry is growing and becoming more competitive so the will be new producers and entries in the market with new ‘’aces up their sleeves’’. More competition in the market Sales on the technical running market have been on the decline according to (exhibit 1) in the New Balance Case Study, and this is New Balances’ stronghold. Becoming myopic and not scanning the periphery. Not seeing that there are gaps in the market and focussing mainly on running. Not considering fashion focussed brands such as Puma as competition. This is a myopic trait of assuming indispensability Summary Much of the strengths of New Balance lie in the quality of their product and the good relationships they have with their retailers/ distributers. Their weaknesses are in that they are too focussed on the functionality of product, whereas the market is constantly changing and they need to be evolving with the market. Opportunities lie in the diversification of the product and making it more contemporary. They also need to employ stronger marketing techniques. Question 2: Would you consider New Balance a niche player in the athletic footwear industry New balance is a niche player with regards to their marketing technique. They utilised niche marketing strategies that the bigger firms overlooked. 1. Van Rooyen chose to create awareness at smaller sports club levels e. g. life-saving clubs, rugby clubs and hockey clubs etc. Or doing in store promotions to create awareness about the shoes. These are clubs that the major competitors were not concentrating on, but rather focussing on big marathon races such as the Two Oceans and the Comrades. In store campaigns were a great way to connect with the customer personally. 2. Van Rooyen dedicated a big chunk of the company’s expenditure into the sponsoring of events. This gave the company a lot of exposure. These events ranged from the Total Sports Challenge’s Knysna Marathon, Surf Ski Series and school events. They also targeted top schools in South Africa that are well known for their cricketing, netball. And through this New Balance was on everyone’s mouth. 3. Another way they utilised in-store promotions was to assemble a Fit Tracks Machine, which is a foot scanner that advises a person which shoe product and size a new runner would need. This is a strategy the major brands were not using and this gave New Balance an edge above them, and it also marketed the functionality of their product. 4. Corporate branding and clothing. This is a growing gap in the market that the big giants weren’t focussing on. The opposition targeted soccer teams while NB went for the Army, air force, Police force. 5. Advertisements in running magazines. Other brands had stopped putting adverts in running magazines as this was costly. New Balance saw a gap and advertised in every single issue of Runner’s World Magazine. And this paid off to an extent that the competitors copied them and once more started advertising in athlete magazines. The above marketing strategies are typical concentrated (niche) target market strategies. Although the company did not suffer from limited resources, they chose this route because it was more effective and efficient for their brand. They had thorough knowledge of the market they were targeting (serious, technical sportsmen) and they used this knowledge to get their product into the market. Characteristics of niche targeting (pg. 11, Principles of Marketing Hand-outs): Strategic Factors Niche Targeting New Balance example Target Market One Narrowly defined consumer group Serious Athletes Distribution Carefully selected outlets. Few exclusive distribution New balance targeted independent retailers mostly ( big firms were not supplying these) and although they do supply big shops such as Edgars, Total Sports and such. The independent distributers make up a large portion of their share price Marketing Communication Specialised media e. g. specialised magazines The media strategy that New Balance chose to use was specialised in a sense that it wasn’t mass media and all over the place. They rather targeted specific sectors they wanted to make themselves known in. Sectors that other major players had neglected. Price One price range tailored to the consumer group. The entry level price for New balance ranges from R399-R599 where as for the competitors it ranged from R399-R1500 Strategy emphasis Appeal to one specific consumer group via highly specialised marketing programme New Balance’s appeal is to the serious athlete who prefers functionality over fashion. Their marketing programme (see numbered bullets above) was highly specialised and set them apart from competitors. Question 3: New Balance’s approach to segmenting the market New Balance’s market segmentation approach is that of a concentrated market strategy. New Balance’s segmentation approach is ‘functionality over fashion’. Therefore stressing the functionality of the shoe and targeting the technical sportsman is how New Balance ( pg. 5, New Balance Case Study) has segmented his market. New Balance has chosen this approach because of their: a. Product range/variability. They offer mainly specialized technical running shoes for professional sportsmen. b. Market variability, the market has various sectors but they have decided to target the specific market of running. c. Competitors marketing strategies. Their competitors are focussed on the larger chunks of the South African sporting market e. g. soccer Question 4: New Balance’s marketing mix Product New Balance offers technical running shoes for the serious athlete. They also have a wide range of products in every sporting category e. g. men’s footwear, trail walking, cross-training, court, children’s, soccer and athlesuire. Their product is differentiated from their competitors in that their shoes come in a form of multiple widths and lengths across all the product lines. In order to expand their product range and therefore have a larger customer base I would recommend New Balance: venture into the fashion/leisure market as there is a gap for them there create a line for the children’s market in future, get into the soccer / black market as that is one of the most popular sports in the country and demographically forms a larger part of South African sports players have a high-end line for the more exclusive market which, pricewise will be higher than the entry level of 399-599 that they currently have. New Balance also has the opportunity to do more research and development on their product and come up with other innovative technical features for their shoes. They could come up with other breakthrough technologies that will make them market leaders in speciality sportswear. Branding In branding their product, New Balance has taken an ‘’endorsed by no-one approach, which I believe works well with what the company stands for. There are pitfalls to having a celebrity or well-known sports star as the face of a brand as that places the brand’s image in the hands of one individual. A problem that has affected New Balance’s competition Nike in the recent months. New Balance has therefore kept their image of function over fashion and will be known for that . The company’s focus in on quality and performance which will therefore sell the brand. On the other hand it is good to note that the Michael Jordan and Nike collaboration brought about the world’s bestselling sneaker to date, and therefore meaningful endorsements can push the global image of the brand and give the brand and edge. New Balance could use the world’s best trail runner as the face of their trail category since they are the leading brand in that category. Price New Balances’ aim is to attain 38% to 40% margins and they therefore have kept the brand affordable at the price of R399-R599 for a new balance entry level shoe(pg. 3 New Balance Case study) . Considering that entry level shoes form the bulk of New Balance’s sales another strategy might be need. As mentioned earlier a new high-end line that is for the more exclusive target market can be made with the entry level shoes starting at a much higher price. The customers would be the kind of customers who associate price with quality, and functionality and prestige. The middle income market is growing in South Africa, and therefore with rising incomes people can afford more high-end products. Place New Balance’s retail strategy involved targeting independent sports stores that had been neglected by the their major competitors, these stores ended up making 36% of the company’s business while the bigger stores e. g. Edgar’s, Total sports etc. made the rest of the share. You could say that even their distribution technique was that of a ‘’niche’’ type of strategy, since they targeted what was bypassed by their major competitors. Opening braded shops in the weak areas like Namibia and ‘’keeping a low profile’’, is not a great move. I would recommend that new balance open branded shops in the cities as well. That’s where most activity and population density is, and also where the brand itself can showcase all the aspects of their brand and products that retailers cannot stock. They may be afraid of competing with their retailers, but I believe there is enough room for the retailers and New Balance concept stores to both thrive in the market without cancelling each other out. New Balance can also establish an online retailing system where consumers can order products directly online. Promotion Publicity New Balance has a good form of a public relations strategy to get the name of New Balance out there to the customers. . This infact, formed a big part of their strategy as they would sponsor events, and this made up a big part of their expenditure. This gave them a lot exposure through print media and television e. g. total sports challenge, school sporting events. Advertising New balance created awareness in smaller sports clubs and taking part bin promotions at shops. They also used direct marketing where they kept databases of their customer’s e. g runners in marathons and retailers and directly marketing their new products and events to them. They also advertised in magazines, and went the co-branding route to get their name out there. CHECK EXHIBITS AT THE BACK FOR RECOMMENDATIONS!!! Personal selling The instore campigns wre a graet way to establish a more personal relation ship and connect with the customer.

Developing a plan for tourism in Jamaica

Developing a plan for tourism in Jamaica SUSTAINABLE TOURISM TABLE OF CONTENT TOPIC PAGE(S) Project background Objectives Literature review Methodology Understanding the rationale for planning in the travel and tourism industry Benefits of planning of tourism development to stakeholders Advantages and disadvantages of public private sector tourism planning partnership Understand the different approaches to tourism planning and development Features of tourism development planning at different levels Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism development Different methods to measures tourist impacts Understanding the need for planning for sustainable tourism Introduction concept of sustainability in tourism development Factors that may prevent/hinder sustainable tourism Different stages in planning for sustainability Understand current issues related to tourism development planning Methods of resolving a conflict of interest to ensure the future well being of a developing tourism destination Implication of balancing supply and demand Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism Understand the socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts of tourism in developing countries and emerging destinations Comparison of current issues associated with tourism and development in a developing country and an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different Recommendation Conclusion References Appendices PROJECT BACKGROUND Tourism has been a major contribution to the Jamaican economy; however tourism in Jamaica needs sustainable development. The aim of this project is to give an understanding of sustainable tourism from a Jamaican framework. Sustainable tourism is tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the environment and host communities defined by (WTO 2014). In this project a scenario was given where the ministry of tourism contracts a consultant to develop and plan tourism due to the fact that Jamaica is heading to become unsustainable. In this project you will have analysis, recommendation and solution to the tourism industry in Jamaica. The importance of this project is to give an understanding of the planning in the travel and tourism development and how it can benefit stakeholders. It is important for stakeholders to understand the tourism planning and development at different levels along with their significance. Since it is said that the Jamaican tourism is heading in an unsustainable direction, therefore it is of great interest to know what it is of great interest to know how to become sustainable different stages and how we can prevent it. Information is shown of how important public private sectors are in the tourism industry and their disadvantages. The public private sector must understand the socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts of tourism in Jamaica. All of these impacts are what causes the Jamaican tourism industry to be heading in an unsustainable direction so the private and public sector can partner to help mitigate these issues. OBJECTIVES There are five objectives of this project as followed: To assess the importance of planning and development in the tourism industry Identify the benefits of planning and development to each stakeholder in the tourism industry To determine the sustainability of the Jamaica tourism and how it can be maintained To identify the impacts of tourism in Jamaica. LITERTURE REVIEW (WTO 2014) defined sustainable tourism as tourism that takes full account of its current and further economic, social and environmental impacts and addressing the needs to visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities. The Jamaican tourism is having failures and heading to an unsustainable market however it has some great attraction (sun, sand beach). (JTB 2014) analyzes the element of tourism products which includes accommodation, transportation, attractions and tours, dining and entertainment (inclusive of festivals events) and the support service. According to (Edward 2009) tourism does not benefit the people of Jamaica because 80% of traveler’s expenses go to airlines, hotels and other international companies and not local businesses or workers. (Edward 2009) also gave market failures of the tourism in Jamaica such as low skilled employment are provided, unplanned settlements and squatters communities that are established close to resort areas that causes solid waste, inadequate sewage treatment, and tourism entities that are currently gaining all of the rent are also not accounting for the negative and external effect of their activities. (Ringo Martin 2013) analyze the benefits of tourism such as the gaining of foreign exchange, providing jobs (directly and indirectly), developing income and developing infrastructure. There are five reasons why the Jamaica’s tourism is stated as unsustainable. (TPDCO 2014) summarize the five reasons such as growth rate, competitive advantage of the industry, the wider product outside the hotels is poor, the degrading of the national environment and the view of Jamaican is that the industry is not beneficial. However (JTB 2014) recommended ways to shift from unsustainable to sustainability through five objectives such as enhancing the visitors experience, growth based on sustainable market position, community based development, inclusive and industry and environmental sustainability. METHODOLOGY UNDERSTANDING THE RATIONALE FOR PLANNING IN THETRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY BENEFITS OF PLANNING OF THE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TO STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders are the person or group who has interest in an organization. Planning of the tourism development is putting things together actions such as infrastructure, co-operate plans etc. stakeholders involve in the planning of tourism in Jamaica are JTB, TPDCo, Ministry of Tourism, Jampro, JHTA etc. Other stakeholders who benefit from the planning of tourism developments are the communities, visitors and non-government organizations. Ringo Martin (2014) wrote an article about how important is tourism to Jamaica, which gave ways that tourism, benefits the stakeholders of Jamaica. The planning of tourism development is beneficial to the government and its agencies because for the past years tourism has generated the highest level of foreign exchange (approximately US$2b). Foreign exchange benefits the government, their agencies and locals indirectly. However, it is said that the government gain direct benefit from the increase of income whereas tax revenues will increase. The article also states the benefits to local Jamaicans through employments. The planning of tourism development provides jobs for communities and other local Jamaicans such as vendors etc. Statistics shows that employment through tourism provides approximately 200,000 persons directly and indirectly. Jobs that are provided directly are hotels, crafting, transportation, attractions and indirect are trading, bank etc. Infrastructure can be beneficial to not only hotels and resort but also the public facilities. Infrastructure has to be improved to accommodate tourist that are at the airport to hotels. For example the Norman Manley Airport road has just been improved. Locals also benefit indirectly from the increasing of foreign exchange. The planning of the tourism development is also beneficial to tourist/visitors. If tourism is developed then it would attract more visitors to the island. This will improve the visitor experience and will come again to endorse in our culture and, our sun, sand and beach. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC PRIVATE SECTOR TOURISM PLANNING PARTNERSHIP According to DBJ (2012) public private partnership is a long term procurement contract between the public and private sectors, in which the proficiency of each party is focused in the designing, financing, building and operating an infrastructure project or providing a service, through the appropriate sharing of resources risk and rewards. There are recently public private partnership for tourism planning between JTB and JHTA. Public private partnership can bring advantage to tourism or disadvantage. However, the partnership between JTB and JHTA has brought advantage to the planning of tourism in Jamaica which is to gain competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is the main advantage of public private partnership in tourism planning. The public sector will transfer their knowledge while the private do the same to create ideas and increase innovation for the destination of Jamaica. JTB and JHTA have created a ‘give away’ of free rooms which would enable a little competitive edge to attract visitors. The partnership project creates not only a competitive edge but also innovations and new ideas. Another advantage of the PPP is the risk sharing. When problem arise the party who can best manage this problem, the risk would transfer to that party. Another example of PPP was with Lover’s Leap and Minist ry of Tourism which would enable to provide jobs to the community members and involve them in participating in tourism. Private sector provides finance and service, where the public sector depends solely on them. For example NTO and JHTA. The private partner manages complex financial and technical task while the public sector deals with law and policies. Therefore the combination of the two brings higher value and minimizes cost. PPP share technology that will enable projects to finish faster and reduce delays. On the other hand there are disadvantage that affect both private and public sector and both. Although risks are shared, most of the risk sometimes goes to the private partner and overall the government will be responsible in the final aspect. So we can say that although risks are shared most risk is on the government. The projects of public private partnership may take years to finish and this can be an disadvantage for the planning of tourism development. Political problems may arise for example if the government changes and they no longer want to be involved in that partnership then this cause a problem for the private sector. 1 | Page

New York 1939-1940 - Trylon and Perisphere :: Architecture History

New York 1939-1940 - Trylon and Perisphere As the 1939 New York World's Fair was divided into many different thematic zones, its planners wanted a central symbol for this event. The original idea was to have a theme center, with twin 250 feet towers and a semicircular hall to display dioramas. Wallace K. Harrison, a prominent New York architect of the Harrison Fouilhoux firm, was selected to design the theme center in November 1936. Harrison wanted a design that would represent a new architecture concept. In his own words, "we found ourselves constantly referring to the domes and campaniles of Venice, perhaps because the flat country and water of the Fair grounds are very like that of the site of Venice and in addition the sky color of New York is practically the same." (Newhouse,82) The idea of a large dome was a starting point for all further designs, and many different ideas were initially developed. There were plans to use a sphere that was suspended by steel cables, giving it a light, airy feel as well as a large balloon , anchored by steel cables and accessible by elevator. A spherical design was not a new idea, however. An earlier example of such a design was proposed by Etienne-Louis Boullà ©e in his project for Newton's Cenotaph in 1783, featuring a huge sphere at the center. In the end a design that featured a sphere 200 feet in diameter raised on pillars was selected. Despite its huge dimensions, with a 200-foot diameter, it was hard to grasp the exact scale of the sphere. Harrison and his design team finally came up with the idea of using a tall spike to frame the sphere, but there was still the problem of placing the two in relation with each other. They found inspiration from drawings by a Soviet constructivist architect named Jacob Tchernikhov, which represented two large spheres connected to a tall spike by way of a ramp. The final design had emerged. It included the Perisphere, a 200 foot spherical exhibit building, the Trylon, a 700 foot tall three sided obelisk, and the Helicline , a 950 foot circular ramp which connected the two and allowed visitors to exit. However the final dimensions of the building was reduced from the original values to a 180 foot sphere and a 610 foot spike due to budget limitations, which threw off the carefully calculated proportions. The Perisphere was elevated from the ground by five steel pillars, and rested over a large reflecting pool.

Ginny’s as a Barren Whore in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays

Ginny’s as a Barren Whore in A Thousand Acres Into her womb convey sterility, Dry up in her the organs of increase, And from her derogate body never spring A babe to honor her. (King Lear, I.iv. 285-288) Within the logic of the novel, it is soon established that Ginny understands and feels external reality through her body, and the most important instance of this is her bodily urge to have children. The sight of Rose's daughters, contrasted with her own miscarriages, Ginny says, "affected me like a poison. All my tissues hurt when I saw them, when I saw Rose with them, as if my capillaries were carrying acid into the furthest reaches of my system"(8). The body of any subject, it can be argued, is also a social body, not only a site of signification for the subject her- or himself, but for other people and society in general. In her despair and jealousy after losing Jess to Rose, Ginny expresses the problematic belief that having children somehow is a universal marker of human worth. This view of her own body as a failure both biologically and socially; that her body "had failed to sustain Jess Clark's interest, to sustain a pregnancy"(307), signals that she is still within the confines of a patriarchal system that sees women as property on a line with animals and the earth. The system, of which Larry Cook is the King, is able to criticize a childless woman, especially when she is "old for a breeder"(13). It is no wonder, then, that Ginny goes on trying to have children even after Ty egotistically wants to stop trying because he can't take the disappointment. It becomes a way for Ginny to reclaim control over her body, a secret project through which she can live a second life that is free from social imperatives that ultimately originate with the transcendental signifier, the great "I AM"(211) of Larry Cook. It is telling that her reflections upon her "secret world", full of "secret, passionate wishes" are interrupted by a sudden reminder that her past and present life is dominated by her father's world and her father's wishes (26-27). This secret world and these secret wishes are thwarted, in fact it turns out that they have always been illusions because nitrates in the water have caused her infertility. A Thousand Acres continually makes connections between patriarchy and capitalism, critiquing exploitation of women and nature in industrial farming alike. Ginny’s as a Barren Whore in Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays Ginny’s as a Barren Whore in A Thousand Acres Into her womb convey sterility, Dry up in her the organs of increase, And from her derogate body never spring A babe to honor her. (King Lear, I.iv. 285-288) Within the logic of the novel, it is soon established that Ginny understands and feels external reality through her body, and the most important instance of this is her bodily urge to have children. The sight of Rose's daughters, contrasted with her own miscarriages, Ginny says, "affected me like a poison. All my tissues hurt when I saw them, when I saw Rose with them, as if my capillaries were carrying acid into the furthest reaches of my system"(8). The body of any subject, it can be argued, is also a social body, not only a site of signification for the subject her- or himself, but for other people and society in general. In her despair and jealousy after losing Jess to Rose, Ginny expresses the problematic belief that having children somehow is a universal marker of human worth. This view of her own body as a failure both biologically and socially; that her body "had failed to sustain Jess Clark's interest, to sustain a pregnancy"(307), signals that she is still within the confines of a patriarchal system that sees women as property on a line with animals and the earth. The system, of which Larry Cook is the King, is able to criticize a childless woman, especially when she is "old for a breeder"(13). It is no wonder, then, that Ginny goes on trying to have children even after Ty egotistically wants to stop trying because he can't take the disappointment. It becomes a way for Ginny to reclaim control over her body, a secret project through which she can live a second life that is free from social imperatives that ultimately originate with the transcendental signifier, the great "I AM"(211) of Larry Cook. It is telling that her reflections upon her "secret world", full of "secret, passionate wishes" are interrupted by a sudden reminder that her past and present life is dominated by her father's world and her father's wishes (26-27). This secret world and these secret wishes are thwarted, in fact it turns out that they have always been illusions because nitrates in the water have caused her infertility. A Thousand Acres continually makes connections between patriarchy and capitalism, critiquing exploitation of women and nature in industrial farming alike.

Differences in Roles Among RNs, LVNs, and UAPs

Registered NursesA registered nurse (RN) is an important component of a medical facility’s healthcare team, be it in a hospital setting, private clinic, patient’s home, or a nursing facility for the elderly. While most nurses work in acute care hospitals as hospital nurses, they also care for patients at hospital bedside, private clinics, and in private homes.   In hospitals, they are expected to perform the following tasks:Provide bedside care for hospital in-patients; Monitor all aspects of patient care, including diet and physical activity; Administer treatment and give medications to patients under the direction of physicians; Observe the patient, assess and record symptoms, and note reactions and progress; and Develop and manage nursing care plans and instruct patients and caregivers in how to perform tasks they can do themselves.Registered nurses may also work in clinics and patient’s homes, acting as an intermediary between the physician, hospital staff, and the patient.   They may also supervise other home health workers, including licensed vocational nurses (LVN) and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP).   Registered nurses have to complete a Bachelor’s degree in Nursing, take and pass the National Council Licensing Examination (NCLEX), and secure a license for nurses at the California Board of Registered Nursing, if they intend to practice nursing in California.Licensed Vocational Nurse.   A licensed vocational nurse or LVN is an entry-level health care provider responsible for rendering basic nursing care.  Ã‚   Anyone who wishes to become an LVN has to attend a nursing school offering LVN, which is normally shorter and less comprehensive than a regular course for registered nurses.   After completing the academic and practical requirements of course, she can take a state board examination to practice the profession.  Ã‚   LVNs care for the sick, injured, convalescent, and disable under the direction of physi cians and registered nurses.LPNs provide basic bedside care, taking vital signs such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. They also prepare and give injections and enemas, monitor catheters, apply dressings, treat bedsores, and give alcohol rubs and massages. LVNs monitor their patients and report adverse reactions to medications or treatments. They collect samples for testing, perform routine laboratory tests, feed patients, and record food and fluid intake and output. To help keep patients comfortable, LPNs assist with bathing, dressing, and personal hygiene. Some LPNs help deliver, care for, and feed infants. Experienced LPNs may also supervise nursing assistants and aides.Unlicensed Assistive Personnel.   The term unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) is a common one. A UAP is better known as a caregiver.   Examples of UAP include, but are not limited to, certified nursing assistants, home health aides, and patient care technicians.   Direct patient care activities are delegated by the registered nurse and assist the patient/client in meeting basic human needs. This includes activities related to feeding, drinking, positioning, ambulating, grooming, toileting, dressing and socializing and may involve the collect ting, reporting and documentation of data related to these activities.Indirect patient care activities focus on maintaining the environment and the systems in which nursing care is delivered. These activities assist in providing a clean, efficient, and safe patient care environment and typically encompass categories such as housekeeping and transporting, clerical, stocking and maintenance supplies.   Many people, specially the elderly, find it desirable to seek non-traditional unlicensed in such settings as assisted living, adult day care, and home care.

Hispanic American Diversity Essay

In identifying the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions and statuses of Hispanic groups living in the United States (US); the following remain as the center of attention: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Columbians. While there is distinctiveness in each groups’ culture, their language categorizes them in one of two large groups known as Latino or Hispanic Americans. The Spanish language is communal between these groups, though all have exclusive dialects that set them apart. The commonalities and differences are not limited to just language, but span across every aspect of Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban and Columbian way of life. Today in the US millions of people classify themselves as Mexican Americans (2005). The intricate and affluent Mexican American multicultural heritage is a direct reflection of influences from such places as Spain and Mexico (2005). The unique language of Mexican Americans is no exception to influences as it is derived from a combination of Mexico’s national language, Spanish, and the national language of the US, English. Although sometimes described as an under-represented group in US politics, Mexican Americans were very active in the Mexican American Civil Rights movement. This movement included a wide-rang of issues, from rights for farm workers to the right to vote (2000). As with their political status, socially Mexican Americans continually battle to fit in. Their want of having the American dream burns bright within the hearts and minds of all Mexican Americans and makes their social battle seem that much more important. Throughout the immigration history of Mexican Americans, little advancement has been made for progress from immigrant standing to mainstream social status. This is largely due to the lack of education provided and the vast amount of discrimination they received (2006). In education, another battle for Mexican Americans arises. Richard Alba (2006) stated, â€Å"Huntington presents data that appear to show very low levels of Mexican-American educational advancement beyond high school, regardless of generation. † A full comparison of high school education completion broken down by Hispanic origin. Note. From Bernstein, R. & Bergman, M. (2005). Young, diverse, urban. United States Department of Commerce News. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/Press-Release/www/2003/cb03-100. html Similar to the struggle noted with education, economically, Mexican Americans struggle for fair pay. During the Mexican American Civil Rights movement Mexican American economics came from the shadows to become one of the many issues faced. Today this harsh reality still burdens most all Mexican Americans. The one bright light may be their religious beliefs. Although, not always true, most churches today deliver separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners. Religion remains a very strong factor in Mexican American family and culture. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Mexican Americans. They have strong ties to not only immediate family in the US but family living in Mexico as well. This bond is so deep that some families continue to send money to their loved one’s in Mexico. Similar to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans speak a derivative of Spanish as their main language. Politically, Puerto Ricans like Mexican Americans are under-represented in US politics. In fact their start in politics held them back from individualizing themselves. The progression of politics into Puerto Rican life in the US has gone from focusing on social and cultural issues in the 1950’s to electoral participation and lobbying becoming the mainstay of their political ground (2003, p. 6). With all the strides Puerto Ricans have made politically, socially they have grown as well. They have integrated themselves into society, by fighting the same battles all Latinos fought: racism and discrimination. Although, they have a higher percentage of people graduating high school than Mexican Americans, they still maintain less than three quarters of Hispanic origin people. As with education and politics struggles with economics also faced most Puerto Ricans. They struggled for fair wages and equal opportunities just as all Latinos did. Today that struggle has become less but still lingers in areas where there is still racism and discrimination. Very similar to Mexican Americans, religion remains a very strong factor in the family and culture of Puerto Ricans. Again most churches conduct separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners, making it easier for Puerto Ricans to practice their faith. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Puerto Ricans. They have strong ties to not only immediate family in the US but family living in Puerto Rico as well. The fact that all Puerto Ricans are US citizens makes family all that more important. As with Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans main language is Spanish. Similar to Mexican Americans politically Cubans are under-represented in US politics. Most are just so happy to get out of the Dictatorship they lived in Cuba they would rather not get caught up in politics at all. The strides they have made politically have helped to advance them socially, economically and in their education. Out of the Hispanic origins Cubans are the second highest only being beat by other Hispanics for High school completion. According to Jason Cato (2003), â€Å"In rising to dominate the centers of power in Miami, Cuban-Americans have reversed the traditional cycles of assimilation and acculturation. † Seeking freedom from the oppression of Cuba has not removed the strong ties they have to their homeland. These ties have caused Cuban Americans to adapt parts of the US culture to their own. Striving for conventional culture is not a focus. Religiously, Cuban Americans like both Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans are devout to their religion as it is a very strong factor in their family and culture. Again most churches conduct separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners, making it easier for Cubans to practice their faith. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Cubans. Family is their way of holding on to cultures and traditions from Cuba. As with Mexican American, Puerto Rican and Cuban, Columbians also speak Spanish as their principal language. Columbian Americans are a very poor. Most migrated to the US to flee war and poverty seen within Columbia. They are often looking for work so that they can send money to their family still living in Columbia. Columbians rarely get involved in politics as they are very focused on family and making money. Work related interaction is the limit, except for other Columbians, of their social standing in the US. As with politics Columbians have very little interest in US culture. Most are here to work to send money home. With work being their main objective while in the US, they do not have time for anything else. They live on very little money and scrape to send as much over to Columbia as possible. Their wages are very low and they work long and mostly very hard hours just to get by. Similar to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans, Columbians are very strong in their religion. They have an opportunity to go to mass that is conducted in Spanish as well as practice their religion on their own. Family is so very important in a Columbian Americans life. Everything they do is to better their family’s life. They have deep ties to family not only in the US but in Columbia as well. This helps them to keep their culture and heritage as strong today as it was yesterday. Everything in their culture revolves around their religion and family. When comparing different Hispanic groups, the commonalities out way the differences in almost every scenario. The Similarities range from language, religion, and family to the reasons they came to the US. They also all care deeply and have very strong ties to their homeland and continue to focus on that rich heritage. The differences are few but stem more from social status and the want to be part of the mainstream. Politics, economic and social standings all differ for each group. This is largely due to assimilation and the different level of strides that have been made over time. The groups that have had more success politically have had the opportunity to advance socially and economically. These three combined in any order lead to an opportunity of the other. The strides and struggles that these four Hispanic groups have made has cleared a path for other Hispanic origin groups to make the same journey. References Alba, R. (2006). Mexican Americans and the American Dream. Political Science & Politics. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www. apsanet. org/imgtest/PerspectivesJun06Alba. pdf Bernstein, R. & Bergman, M. (2005). Young, diverse, urban. United States Department of Commerce News. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/PressRelease/www/2003/cb03-100. html Cruz, J. (2003). Puerto Rican politics in the United States. Centro Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://redalyc. uaemex. mx/redalyc/pdf/377/37715101. pdf. Cato, J. (2004). Becoming American in Miami: reconsidering immigration, race and ethnic relations. Center for Latin American Studies. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from socrates. berkeley. edu:7001/Events/fall2003/11-20-03-stepick/index. html Mendoza, V. , Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. (2000). , The Journal for Multimedia History. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www. albany. edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano. html.