Genetic Engineering Is The Deliberate Modification Of A...

â€Å"Stop running around the house Bradley!† The mother rubbed her aching temples and sat down on the couch. Bradley jumped over her legs, but not anticipating the landing fell face flat on the floor. As soon as the pain registered in his brain, he began to cry. The mother attempted to soothe baby, Bradley, but nothing was working. The mother sagged on the couch and accepted her ultimate defeat. As if magic the T.V. blared louder as if announcing its’ presence. â€Å"Are you tired of your child’s terrible behavior? Do you wish to design the perfect child? If you answered yes to those questions, then you are in luck come down to the clinic and design your baby. The mother’s eyes widen in anticipation and called up her husband to tell him she wants to design her next child. Yeah she did say design her baby. It’s funny how in the not so distant future this will be a very common statement. â€Å"The process is called Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of an organism through the alteration of its genetic code. By removing sections of an organism’s DNA and replacing them with new segments, geneticists can artificially select for certain traits (Simmons).† As technology gets more and more advanced and as scientist becomes more acquainted with the human genome more phenomenons like these begin to happen. Unfortunately, there is always a negative side parents find it unethical to have people pick and choose what they want their babies to look like and be almost likeShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus IndianapolisRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish theirRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-PermanenceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbecause people residing there had learned of opportunities overseas from relatives who lived in zones of emigration. This process formed new and seemingly isolated loci of overseas emigration from which the behavior then diffused, thus speeding the geographical diffusion of the behavior. Through this process, â€Å"emigration fever† spread from northwestern Europe and a few loci in northern Iberia and Italy to the rest of the continent and the Levant in less than half a century.44 In Asia, by contrast

A Large Part Of The Storyline - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 565 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frankenstein Essay Did you like this example? Decisions that you make can change the outcome of your life. Negative or positive, the product is something that the person who made the decision must combat. In the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, a rather spontaneous decision is made by Victor to create the creature. It was the impact of the creation of the creature that set the stage, and the tone for the rest of the book. A large part of the storyline is the description of the creatures solidarity and sorrow. Because of this, Shelley took her readers on an expedition where she presented a lesson to her readers teaching them how detachment can be the precursor for catastrophe. The creature in the story was brought into the world by mending many different body parts together, due to this he could not be active in society because of his appearance and the fact that he is uniquely one of a kind. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Large Part Of The Storyline" essay for you Create order Many people would assume that because of the horrid appearance of Frankenstein, that he is a savage beast that has no feelings and no desire to have relationships with human beings. Despite this common opinion, he is actually the complete opposite to feelingless. Frankenstein learned how to express his feelings through utilizing language. He learned from listening to cottagers speaking with one another and using that to his advantage in order to learn to be precise with his language. The isolation and loneliness of the creature pushed him to commit violent acts towards people. This is one of the main factors that lead to the death of William. Because Frankenstein is so articulate, he is able to tell Victor that he desires a companion to keep himself company and he believes that they can move off to a faraway island together and live off of the land away from humans that would surely shun them for their appearance. In fact, nearly every human in the story was disgusted with the creatures spooky appearance. Near the end, it is obvious that Frankensteins life lacks meaning without the ones that he loves, and he can never really be happy without sharing his life with a companion. This is very similar to the predicament that Captain Walden was enduring in the beginning of the book. Captain Walden when he stated that he desired someone to speak with that would understand his overall mission. He found this type of fulfillment when he met with Victor. Two prominent themes that Shelley puts to use in this particular body of literature are nature and nurture. The nature in the story is within the monsters DNA and how his nature drives him to violence. However on the other hand, the monster was raised by the people in his environment to behave in many ways as well. There is a constant tipping of the scale where Frankenstein is attempting to balance his actions between the way that he was raised among people, language, and science against his instincts that drive him to commit acts of violence, isolate himself, and other animalistic characteristics. In conclusion, Mary Shelleys book named Frankenstein is a tragic novel where one persons mistake lead to the death of the ones that he loved. Nature punishes Victor for attempting to artificially create life and change the flow of how nature would naturally create life. The nature was stronger than the nurture of society in that fact.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - 1259 Words

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American children are half as likely as Caucasian children to take ADHD medication(Cheng Tina L et al.). If African American children do not take medication for ADHD the child will most likely do drugs, drop out of school, or find it harder to receive a job when they get older. There is not cure for children who have ADHD, but there is medication children can take to decrease their hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. Adderall, Methylin, Concerta, and Focalin are some of the medications given for children who have ADHD. Methylphenidate is the most common medication prescribed by physicians for ADHD. â€Å"Methylphenidate takes effects within fifteen minutes of taking it and lasts between four and twelve hours a day.† (Hughes, Katsiyannis, and Ryan). Although medication is out there for the children to take, some of the medication given haves negative side effects. ADHD is not preventable. Parents should not only avoid drinking, smoking, or doing any other type of drugs to prevent ADHD, but also to preventShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focusRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )999 Words   |  4 PagesAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) signifies a major public health problem. Diagnoses continue to rise each year, yet the rates of treated ADHD are declining. There is a lot of controversy about treatments for ADHD today. Helpful treatment options like medications and therapies are receiving negative views with many saying that treatment is not necessary or the negatives outweigh the benefits. Those against treatment cite problems like substance abuse and negative side effects. However

Israel s Impact On The West Bank - 901 Words

Israel has made travel between major Palestinian population centers (Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Hebron) in the West Bank easier over the last several years. Several major checkpoints in the West Bank that restricted direct movement between and into these cities have been removed or modified. However, in general this opening is less the result of an overall easing in movement restrictions than the result of the institutionalization of movement controls into a formal and permanent regime of restrictions that has replaced roadblocks with gates that can be opened and closed at the whim of the military and that has reconfiguring how Palestinians travel. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian†¦show more content†¦While Palestinian movement is severely restricted, a separate system of roads that are closed to Palestinians or that bypass Palestinian communities has been set up for Settlers to ensure their unrestricted movement in the West Bank and between the West Bank and Israel.[iii] According to the Israeli human rights organization B’Tselem, â€Å"there were 67 kilometers of roads in the West Bank that Israel classified for the sole, or practically sole, use of Israelis, first and foremost of settlers. Israel also prohibits Palestinians from even crossing some of these roads with vehicles, thereby restricting their access to nearby roads that they are ostensibly not prohibited from using. In these cases, Palestinians travelers have to get out of their vehicle, cross the road on foot, and find an alternative mode of transportation on the other side.†[iv] OCHA has also reported that in 2013 at least 55 West Bank communities which are home to more than 180,000 people remain completely isolated as a result of roadblocks, barriers, checkpoints and other movement restrictions. All of the main roads into and out of these communities remain blocked and residents wishing to leave these communities must use alternative routes that are two to five times longer than the blocked direct routes. Many

Explanations of East Asian Economic Development Free Essays

string(29) " or as a demander of output\." The economic success of the East Asian countries has inspired many economists to study the background of their rapid growth. Interestingly, different economists interpret this success in entirely different ways. During the 1970s and an important part of the 1980s advocates of the neoclassical model argued that growth in East Asia was the result mainly of the market mechanism and the emphasis on export promotion in these countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Explanations of East Asian Economic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Especially since the mid-1980s the neoclassical approach was criticised by economists who stressed that government intervention played a crucial role in the process of economic growth. This paper aims at presenting a survey of the arguments recently put forward by the critics of the neoclassical approach to explain the role of government in the economic success of the countries in East Asia. Such a survey is very useful, since it forms a new breeding ground for the discussion on the role of the government in the economic development of other Developing countries and the countries in Eastern Europe. Without a doubt East Asia’s economic expansion during the past twenty years is one of the most remarkable economic changes since the Second World War. Gross national product of the East Asian countries increased by more than five per cent per year in the period 1965-1990, which is considerably larger than that of Latin America (1. 8 per cent), sub-Saharan Africa (0. 3 per cent), or even the OECD (2. 4 per cent). Six of the seven fastest growing economies in the period 1960-1985 (measured on the basis of the average growth of per capita GDP) were East Asian countries. The economic success of these countries has inspired many economists to study the background of this rapid growth. What is rather remarkable in this context is the fact that different economists interpret this success in entirely different ways. During the 1970s and an important part of the 1980s advocates of the neoclassical model argued that growth in East Asia was the result mainly of the market mechanism and the emphasis on export promotion in these countries. This interpretation dominated the debate for a long time. Especially since the mid-1980s the neoclassical approach was criticised by economists who stressed that government intervention actually played a crucial role in the process of economic growth. In this paper these economists are referred to as the new interventionists. The debate between the neoclassical economists and the new interventionists seems to concentrate on the issue concerning the role of the government in the process of economic development in general and the East Asian growth miracle in particular. In this article East Asia includes the following countries: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. A significant part of the literature used for this article concentrates mainly on South Korea and Taiwan. This paper mainly aims at presenting a survey of the arguments recently put forward by the critics of the neoclassical approach to explain the economic success of the countries in East Asia. In particular, it emphasises their view with respect to the role of the government in the process of economic development. Such a listing of the contributions of the new interventionists concerning the backgrounds of the Asian miracle and the possible contribution of the government is very useful The article is structured as follows. Section 2 presents a survey of the contributions of development economists with respect to the role of the government in the process of economic development as put forward by them in the 1940s and 1950s. Section 3 describes the reactions of the neoclassical economists on these early contributions. They emphasised that especially the market mechanism played an important role in the growth of the East Asian countries. Section 4 deals with the critics of the neoclassical economists and describes their approach to the backgrounds of the Asian miracle. The discussion on the role of the government in the process of economic development originated in the 1940s and 1950s, this discussion fits into the post-war predominance of Keynesian economics. During this period several theoretical models contributions in the literature pointed out that market imperfections justified government intervention. The main emphasis was on the existence and benefits of economies of scale and the external effects of production. One of the most influential models was the model of industrialisation based on the notion of infant industry. The existence of dynamic economies of scale and positive external effects of production in certain industries prompted the government to actively stimulate the development of these industries since the private sector was thought to be incapable of assessing the long-term economic benefits of investing in these industries. According to this model the government would stimulate the development of these industries by means of subsidies and protective measures until they were sufficiently developed to produce without government support. Other models went further in their recommendations concerning the role of the government in development. According to several economists, the economic growth potential of developing countries was restricted since many of these countries mainly exported primary goods. They expected that the prices of these goods relative to prices of industrial goods would fall permanently; this is also known as export pessimism. By combining the infant industry argument with export pessimism they pointed out that a structural change in the production structure of these countries was absolutely necessary in order to obtain positive long-run economic growth prospects. The government ought to play an important role since such a drastic change could never be realised through the market mechanism due to considerably large coordination problems in the economy. The emphasis was put on improving infrastructure and education. Both these aspects were assumed to be extremely important in order to realise such a structural change. Furthermore, the mutual dependence of industries was pointed out: the development of one industry was also determined by the development of other sectors, either as a producer of inputs4 or as a demander of output. You read "Explanations of East Asian Economic Development" in category "Papers" This caused simultaneous support of different industries necessary. Later on, the debate in literature concentrated on the way in which the government ought to intervene. Some supported simultaneous intervention in all industries essential to economic growth; others stressed the limited availability of scarce resources which would hinder the execution of such a comprehensive strategy. They advocated government intervention mainly in those industries that had the most relations with other industries (unbalanced growth strategy; see Hirschman, 1958). These models very much influenced the economic policies pursued by the various developing countries during the 1950s, 1960s, and a large part of the 1970s. The idea of a government intervening in the process of economic growth was appealing to many politicians. It contributed to developing models of central planning, and it stimulated to using trade policies, such as import quota, export subsidies, and fixed exchange rates, introducing price controls and subsidies in markets for goods and production factors, and establishing public enterprises in important sectors like mining and heavy industries. Many governments pursued policies of import substitution (and later also export promotion). Initially, several countries appeared to be successful in achieving economic growth by way of government intervention. However, as increasingly more problems arose with respect to the models of planned economic growth, this approach was increasingly criticised by economists whose ideas matched the neoclassical tradition. This is the term to which they are referred to in the debate on the role of markets versus the Government in the process of growth. Mainly at the fact that the above described models primarily pointed at the imperfections of the market mechanism; the models seemed not to be concerned about the possibility that government intervention in itself could also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources. The neoclassical economists rejected the implicit assumptions that allocate inefficiency due to market imperfections would always be larger than the inefficiency resulting from government failures. This assumption would imply that the government has sufficient information in order to determine for which particular industries positive externalities and dynamic economies of scale could be expected, and to properly assess the costs and benefits of supporting certain activities and industries. This also would imply a well-functioning apparatus of government within which this information would be translated into a policy in the right way. Moreover, it meant that the government would also be strong enough to resist pressure groups and to minimalize the negative effects of rent-seeking behaviour. Finally, it was anticipated that the government put maximum welfare for the country as a whole before maximising the individual objectives of those representing the government. The neoliberals very much doubted the fact that these conditions had been sufficiently met in developing countries. They were rather convinced of the fact that especially such factors as lobbying, rent seeking, and a government pursuing maximisation of the individual welfare function, would negatively affect the efficiency of intervention. Therefore, they concluded that the imperfections of government intervention generally exceeded market imperfections. Only in some cases the government could play a role, e. g. with respect to providing physical infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, and maintaining order and upholding the law. This is all the government should do. The device of getting the prices right plays a crucial role in the neoliberal view: If the markets are not interfered with, scarce resources will be allocated most efficiently. Their starting points were the basis of the IMF and World Bank policy. Recommendations that were part of the structural adjustment programmes presented to developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s. The neoliberal interpretation of the role of the government versus the role of the market in the process of economic development has also been applied in analysing the economic success of East Asia of the past three decades. According to the neoliberals, the governments of these countries observed the limits of their capabilities, and the economic success, therefore, was caused mainly by the market which functioned quite well. They especially pointed out the emphasis governments placed on developing and stimulating exports, private entrepreneurship, and the execution of market-oriented policy measures. Focusing on export enhanced the development of industries with a comparative advantage. The East Asian countries especially developed those industries in which they had a comparative advantage. The governments had created the right environment – by providing macroeconomic stability and public investment in social and physical infrastructure – in which the private sector was encouraged to invest in such a way that it, would contribute positively to economic development. The neoliberal interpretation of the economic success of the East Asian countries was supported by the observation that several African and Latin American countries, where the government had played a very significant role for several decades, had experienced a deep economic crisis since the 1980s. The failure of government intervention and the positive contributions of the market mechanism were elaborately discussed in studies by, among others, these studies considered the East Asian countries as examples of countries where the market mechanism had positively influenced the process of economic development. The neoliberal criticism of the models from the 1940s and 1950s was justified to a certain extent. They rightly emphasised that too much government interference in the process of economic development could lead to considerable inefficiencies. They provided a theoretical basis for the possibility and consequences of government failure (Islam, 1992). Since the early 1970s and especially during the 1980s practically everybody agreed on the fact that government-led economic development, with an important role for state enterprises, would lead to large inefficiencies. However, this did not automatically mean that the neoliberal alternative provided a correct interpretation of the backgrounds of the successes in East Asia. Since the mid-1980s there was increasing criticism of the neoliberal interpretation of the role of the market versus the role of the government in development. These critics can be referred to as new interventionists. This group of economists argued that the government could contribute more to economic development than just providing certain important public goods. They based their ideas mainly on their analysis of the backgrounds of economic success in East Asia. The centre of their analysis proved to have rather a lot in common with the analyses of and themes addressed by development economists of the 1940s and 1950s. Criticism of the Neoliberal Model and the Arguments in Favour of Government Intervention According to the new interventionists, the neoliberal interpretation could not explain satisfactorily the success of the East Asian countries. A growing amount of research showed that government could indeed contribute positively to growth by means of comprehensive intervention in the economic process. This was not in keeping with the usual neoliberal starting points, and therefore alternative approaches were sought after to explain for this finding. An important alternative explanation of the East Asian economic success was found by emphasising the extent of problems concerning coordination in less developed economies. Critics of the neoliberal interpretation pointed out that the government could play an important role in stimulating the process of economic development by reducing coordination problems, related to the hoice of and relationship between production decisions that hinder development. These problems concerning coordination are the result of dynamic economies of scale of production and external effects resulting from the strong mutual dependence of certain industries. If such circumstances do play a role, the allocation of resources on the basis of the market mechanism can quite easily become sub-optimal. To begin with, in practice market prices provide information abou t the current profitability of productive activities; they contain hardly any – if at all – information on future profitability. Under these circumstances, if there are any activities that lead to economies of scale in the future, current market prices give the wrong signals with respect to optimal allocation. In this case, allocation will not be dynamically efficient. Moreover, investment decisions at the level of the individual entrepreneur may be sub-optimal if the future profitability of an investment project also depends on the degree to which investments are made in other sectors at the same time. In this case, too, allocation of resources based on the free market principle results in dynamically inefficient allocation. According to the new interventionists, interventions of East Asian governments were mainly aimed at decreasing these coordination problems, thus stimulating economic growth. The interventions actually improved the economy since barriers caused by economies of scale and external effects were taken down, which probably would not have happened if resource allocation was based purely on market principles. The model explaining the East Asian economic miracle as proposed by these new interventionists matches some of the central thoughts of the development economists of the 1940s and 1950s. One major difference, however, is that this model is formalised in some recent contributions. Recent theories on industrial organisation also point at the positive effect of limited competition – rather than free markets – and protection and co-ordination by the government. The remainder of this section will discuss in more detail several of the above mentioned aspects of the East Asian intervention policy, such as the characteristics of industrial policies, the instruments that were used to stimulate specific investments, the institutional context, and the preconditions. Industrial policy The contents and effectiveness of the industrial policies pursued in the East Asian countries is the central focus of several new interventionist studies, Focusing mainly on the analysis of the Korean experiences, this is also presents a new interventionist interpretation of the economic development of South Korea. In her analysis she shows why the Korean government policy can be considered dynamically efficient. She emphasises the fact that government intervention led to a situation of getting the prices wrong, which, according to her, precisely resulted in an optimal allocation of scarce resources. By deliberately disturbing prices, the government was able to reduce the coordination problems that occur when allocation of resources is left to the market mechanism. Policies aiming at disturbing the market mechanism led to other priorities concerning what should be produced as compared to the outcomes of the market as the coordinating mechanism. The industrial policies of other rapid growers in the region have been interpreted in a similar manner in other studies; characterises the process of economic development in South Korea as the process of late industrialisation. Fast growth in this country is mainly based on the implementation of existing (Western) technologies. The aspect of learning, adopting and adjusting existing technologies is central in her analysis. Since learning processes have the characteristics of a public good and are for example, closely related to increasing economies of scale and the external effects of production, government intervention is vital in the process of late industrialisation. The government sees to it that the Western technology is copied and implemented as efficiently as possible, and that the labour force is educated sufficiently to work with the new technology. Moreover, they coordinate production decisions in different industries. Thus, the government becomes an entrepreneur who decides what, when, and how much to produce. The active intervention resulted in the industrial development of South Korea, which would not have been realised without government intervention. The government especially stimulated those industries that were thought to be of crucial importance to the long-term development of South Korea. Whereas in the 1960s mainly export-oriented industries were stimulated, in the 1970s emphasis was placed on the development of heavy and chemical industries, the electronics industry, and shipbuilding. In the 1980s the centre of attention of industrial policies shifted towards stimulating the development of high-quality industries, the so-called sunrise industries. Due to government intervention South Korea became a leading producer of microchips, and had an important share in the world markets for consumer electronics, cars, and in shipbuilding. In this context, leading economists point out the difficulties involved in the development of especially heavy and chemical industries, and in electronics and shipbuilding. The relatively long time these industries require reaching maturity, and the limited profitability (or even temporary loss) during the initial phase cause these industries to be rather unattractive when it comes to private investment. This provides a legitimate reason for an active industrial policy by the government. Instruments of government intervention The East Asian governments used various instruments that enabled them to influence the organisation of production decisions and the allocation of production factors, in order to achieve that scarce resource would be applied in the areas they preferred. These instruments primarily aim at creating rents, i. e. providing subsidies for certain investments. A subsidy may be a strong instrument to influence the use and allocation of means; provided that the granting meets certain conditions. A subsidy will contain a protective element on the one hand, and provide an incentive to implement specific activities on the other hand. Given these conditions, a subsidy may contribute to the fact that investors who are granted a subsidy may take into account more than short-term profitability only, and may also consider future possible profitability of the decisions. In these cases, the dynamic aspects of implementing investment decisions are taken into account, and thus granting subsidies may contribute to a better allocation of means. Initially, subsidies were granted by means of programmes for cheap credit and selective credit loans. In countries like South Korea and Taiwan, the government had a significant impact on determining the nominal deposit and loan rate in the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, they also introduced guidelines with respect to the allocation of bank loans to the private sector. Thus, they were able to stimulate the development of specific industries and private activities by granting them access to external funding and by subsidising this Funding. The role of the export promotion policy Especially with respect to the role of export-oriented policies as part of industrial policies, and the related specific instruments of government intervention in East Asia, the neoliberals and the new interventionists do not agree. In the neoliberal model the emphasis of government policies on export promotion is very important, since they believe that competition on world markets stimulated East Asian companies to produce efficiently. They exported especially those products for which the countries had a comparative advantage in production. According to the neoliberals, the rapid growth of exports justified this approach. Subsequently, the development of export industries was thought to have a positive effect on the production in other sectors of the economy. In this model – the so-called model of export-led development – the rapid growth of the export industries led to a growth in investment and was therefore the driving force behind the overall economic success. The new interventionists disputed the neoliberal point of view. Some of them point out the fact that the governments created comparative advantages, thus actually reversing the causal relationship between export growth and14 comparative advantages. The above mentioned industrial policies in South Korea can again be used to illustrate this view. The South Koreans developed advantages in shipbuilding, and in the electronics and car industries, all industries in which they initially did not have comparative advantages. Some new interventionists stressed the fact that government intervention stimulated especially those export industries for which competition in international markets was fierce, in order to stimulate the building up of a competitive external sector. To a certain degree, this view resembles the neoliberal interpretation of the role of international trade, although the new interventionists put much more weight into the role of government intervention to develop such a competitive external sector. They argue that international competition can be regarded as an efficiency check of interventionist policies and the policy measures used. The success or failure of export producing firms provided the government with information which enabled it to decide whether or not to continue support to particular industries, and to decide on the extent of this support. Thus, protection measures and the granting of subsidies were linked to the performance of firms with regard to the development of sales in foreign markets. Others, however, resist the argument that exports played a crucial role in stimulating the economic growth of these countries. On the one hand, they point at the limited share of the export sector in total GNP of most East Asian growing countries in the period concerned. Considered this limited share, this sector could never have been the driving force behind the strong economic development during the 1960s and 1970s. On the other hand, the direction of the causality between exports and investments as supposed by the neoliberals is questioned. It is more likely that the explosive export growth was the result of a strong increase in domestic investments, rather than the other way round. The increase in these investments led to an increasing demand for imports, which – taking into account the limited availability of foreign currencies – went hand in hand with an increase in exports. This increase in exports was realised by reducing the domestic consumption of tradable goods, making them available for exports. Exports were not hampered by any unfavourable exchange rate policies, which had indeed been the case in many other developing countries in the 1960s, 1970s, and part of the 1980s. They argue that export production was actively stimulated by means of several instruments, particularly the above described systems of subsidisation. Therefore, some new interventionists argue that the explanation of economic growth in East Asian countries lies in the factors that influenced the strong growth in domestic investments, such as the creation of rents to stimulate investment behaviour. Cooperation between the state and the private sector in the previous sections it has been pointed out continuously that the East Asian governments proved to be able to reduce coordination problems, which contributed to stimulate economic growth. However, this still has not answered the question concerning the way governments were able to dispose of sufficient information to efficiently coordinate investment decisions and to determine which industries were important in realising a dynamically efficient allocation of scarce resources. Several studies have examined this aspect. These studies show that very close ties existed between the government, banks, and the private sector. These ties led to frequent contacts between the government and the private sector about the economy’s weaknesses and strengths. In this way, the government gained a better understanding of the nature of the coordination problems that played a role in the economy. On the basis of this information the government was better able to take decisions concerning intervention. In the case of South Korea, civil servants from different ministries, bank managers, and managers of large companies regularly met on so-called deliberation councils. Apart from this there were also monthly export meetings. At these meetings, presided by the president of the country and attended by16 senior civil servants, managers of banks and companies, economic bottlenecks were directly discussed, and decisions were taken concerning the outlines of the industrial, trade, and financial policies. Specific attention would be paid to the performance of the export industries, and if necessary the export policy would be adjusted on the basis of the information available. The South Korean private sector was very much organised on the basis of conglomerate structures, the so-called Chaebols. A limited number of very large conglomerates were actively involved in various economic activities, thus controlling an important part of the total production of the private sector. The government actively stimulated the development of these large conglomerates. The idea was that this would lead to an optimal use of economies of scale and external effects due to the strong mutual dependence between industries. In this way, the conglomerates would internalise existing coordination problems. Moreover, an advantage of the existence of several large conglomerates was that there were only a small number of ties between the government and the private sector, so that a relatively small number of policy makers and managers would be responsible for making important decisions. This added to an efficient exchange of information and a reduction of coordination problems. Some studies describe the model of the East Asian economies as a governed market. This means that private companies competed and cooperated and were supervised by the government. Other studies – especially referring to the case of South Korea – characterise the relations between government and the private sector as a quasi-internal organisation. This model describes a firm as an organisation that minimalizes transaction costs by internalising certain activities, i. e. hese activities are executed within the organisation. This may cause the allocation within an internal organisation to be superior to allocation resulting from the market mechanism. The model contains a central management that determines the outlines of the activities of the firm and that delegates the execution and immediate responsibility for the results to different divisions. The divisions are accountable to th e central management and have to provide information regularly, enabling the management to change its strategy on the basis of this new information – if necessary. In this way, coordination problems between the different activities can be reduced. The comparison to the characteristics of the Korean society applies to a certain extent, if the government is regarded as the central manager and the various conglomerates as the divisions. Due to the intense and informal contacts between the government and the private sector, the government had at their disposal information concerning the nature and extent of coordination problems in the economy. On the basis of this information, economic policies could be designed and choices could be made on which industries should be supported, since they were supposed to be of crucial importance to the growth of the country. Furthermore, economic policy programmes could constantly be adjusted on the basis of new information so that they would positively contribute to the economic development of the country. To conclude, it can be argued that the strong ties between the government and the private sector contributed to an intense exchange of information. Based on this information, the government was able to follow and if necessary adjust the activities in private industries. The new interventionists considered the combination of these ties and the nature of the way the government created rents and distributed these among firms and industrial sectors as an important explanation of the successful government intervention in the various East Asian countries. Initial conditions and political factors The new interventionists also point at other factors they feel have been important in realising that the government translated the information they eceived from the private sector into a policy that contributed to the successful18 reduction of coordination problems. These factors are closely related to the initial conditions that applied at the moment this miraculous process of economic growth was started. They also point at certain specific political economic circumstances. To begin with, the new interventionists emphasise that in these count ries the educational system and the level of education of the labour force were of a relatively high standard as early as the 1950s, especially compared to countries in Latin America and Africa. This positive initial condition had various positive consequences. To start with, this meant that labour productivity was relatively high and that the East Asian economies were at least capable of working with relatively high-grade production processes as early as the 1950s. Moreover, this meant that the copying of Western technologies is the essence of late industrialisation – could be executed faster. Finally, the high level of education had a positive effect on the quality of the civil service. The latter was not to be underestimated as an aspect of the success of the East Asian intervention policy. Several authors have therefore paid special attention to the aspect of the quality of the civil service. An efficient apparatus of government was of great importance in order to translate the information on coordination problems in the economy into a policy that could contribute to increasing economic growth. Moreover, the work ethic of the average civil servant in the Eastern Asian countries was also important in explaining the efficiency of government intervention. In many developing countries civil servants seemed to be easily corrupted, whereas in most East Asian countries this was relatively less common. Consequently, the abuse of, for example, the granting of subsidies and other benefits to firms could be kept rather limited. To explain this phenomenon the new interventionists argued, among other things that in such countries as South Korea and Taiwan a high degree of social responsibility had been developed and introduced through the educational system. Education very much contributed to a sense of social awareness. This led to the fact that a position as a civil servant involved a high social status. This may be an explanation for the fact that the best students often accepted a19 position with the government whereas a similar position in the private sector would pay far more. This high status would also contribute to a lower degree of corruptness as compared to that in many other developing countries. Moreover, a career with the civil service was considered the perfect way to a high position in the private sector. Apart from these initial conditions, several authors argue that the political economic circumstances in the East Asian countries contributed to the fact that government intervention could concentrate on the efficient use of scarce resources. As is well-known from the public-choice literature, a government may implement a policy because they are being pressurised by certain groups in society that are crucial to a possible re-election. In such case, in their policy the government may to a certain extent want to comply with the wishes of their future voters, rather than pursue a policy that contributes to economic growth as much as possible. 9 For example, they may not use subsidies to support certain important economic activities; instead subsidies may be used to secure political support. In many Latin American and African countries such a populist policy has been pursued in the past with all the associated negative consequences to general economic growth. In case of a more autocratic government, the government will use part of the means available to bribe representatives of powerful lobbies who could jeopardise the government’s continuity or to forcefully suppress these lobbies. In South Korea and Taiwan the government hardly ever faced lobbies of real importance so that a populist policy was not necessary. Therefore, they could develop and pursue their policies independent of any lobby and they could efficiently employ subsidies and other instruments to promote economic growth, rather than use them in order to gain political support. There were several different reasons for this particular circumstance, according to the new interventionists. Among others, for an empirical analysis of such kind of political economic processes, to start with, countries like South Korea and Taiwan were characterised by a relatively equal income distribution due to which the governments of these countries were less pressurised into taking popular measures to please certain lobbies. The equal income distribution was mainly the result of the land reforms of the 1950s which took place both in South Korea and Taiwan. Thus, equal income distribution had been realised before the start of the period of rapid growth. More recently, empirical support for the positive relation between equal income distribution and economic growth has been found. Moreover, some mention the fact that both the South Korean and the Taiwanese society were characterised by a relatively cultural unity, This meant that this potential source of political instability was less strong than it often was in other developing countries and that this made it easier to develop a solid nation state. Some authors also mention the fact that the Japanese oppression of South Korea before 1945 drastically reduced the role of lobbies in this country. With respect to Taiwan, the flight of political leaders and their supporters from China had actually decimated the differences between the various political lobbies. Finally, there was no elite based on the ownership of natural resources, since these countries hardly had any natural resources. In several Latin American countries this elite was an important opponent of the government. The new interventionists offer an alternative explanation for the economic success of the East Asian countries during the past few decades. They point at the existence of coordination problems and argue that these problems are the main obstacle for economic development. For this reason the government should play an active role. The analysis of the role of the government in East Asia shows under which circumstances government intervention may have a positive impact on the economic growth of a country. The contributions by the new interventionists appear to resemble those by the development economists21 from the 1940s and 1950s. The difference, however, is that the new interventionists have provided the understandings of the development economists with a more solid theoretical and empirical basis. Some questions remain unanswered, however. For example, the new interventionist analysis of the role of the government in the East Asian success has not convincingly shown why the efforts of the governments of these countries seemed to have been explicitly concentrated on promoting long-term economic development. This paper has described all conditions that must be met in order for government intervention to contribute positively to economic growth, as was the case in East Asia. Another starting point for future research refers to the empirical foundation of the existence, nature and importance of coordination problems in a less developed economy. Although the new interventionists have frequently and convincingly described the existence of these failures, until now their empirical proof has been scarcely provided. Therefore, micro-level research – i. e. t the industrial level – into the significance of these coordination problems in economic development is vital. Related to this, more empirical research ought to be conducted into the importance of dynamic efficiency in a less developed economy. This requires more analysis of the nature of the possible economies of scale, the external effects in such economies, and the way in which they could be exploited by government interventi on. The debate on the role of the government was quite explicit after the World Bank had published a study in 1993 which contained an in-depth analysis of the backgrounds of the East Asian success. The new interventionists criticised the World Bank for the contents of this report ,the analysis in this report builds on an earlier World Bank report (World Bank, 1991) in which the neoliberal view on the role of the government is somewhat changed with respect to their previous attitude on this subject. Both the 1991 and 1993 reports assign a more positive role to government intervention. The reports argue that interventions may add to economic growth, provided that these interventions are market friendly. The market friendly nature of interventions means that markets ought to function freely, unless the results are clearly better in case of government intervention. Furthermore, checks and balances have to be introduced: interventions must always be subject to the discipline of the domestic and foreign markets as much as possible. Finally, intervention must be straightforward and transparent, based on clear regulations, so that the contents and consequences can be monitored by anyone. The 1991 World Bank report introduces the market friendly approach of government policy as the alternative road between market and government. Starting from this analysis framework, the 1993 report studies the economic development of East Asia and endorse the positive role of the government in the process of economic development of these countries. Furthermore, the report argues that the distortions that were a result of government interventions were small, especially as compared to those in other developing countries. Government policies were often embedded in a competitive environment, all according to the market friendly approach. At the same time, however, the analysis shows that government intervention was by no means always successful. The market is considered to remain the most efficient coordinating mechanism. Therefore, the report’s advice is to get the prices right. The final conclusion is that the most important positive contributions of government intervention referred to creating a stable macroeconomic environment – in the form of low inflation and government deficits, and a stable exchange rate – and investment in the development of human capital. The government created the right environment within which private initiative could optimally contribute to economic growth. Economic policies should concentrate on these factors, the World Bank argues. The recent World Bank report does only partly do justice to the new interventionist’s criticism. The policy recommendations still seem to be rather neoliberal. Although the World Bank report initially appears to lead to a synthesis of the neoliberal model and the new interventionist understandings, the policy implications of the analysis of the two camps differ very much. The new interventionists point at the importance of government intervention and set great store by industrial policies and the use of subsidies and other instruments in order to realise a dynamically efficient allocation of resources, whereas the World Bank continues to argue that the government ought to aim mainly at creating macroeconomic stability and should aim solely at creating the right conditions for private initiative. Conclusion To conclude, since the early 1990s there appears to be some general agreement concerning the debate on the role of the government in the process of economic development in East Asian countries. The World Bank – being the main representative of the neoliberal point of view – and its critics agree on the fact that the governments of these countries severely intervened in the economic process. Thus, it would make great sense for developing nations in Africa, South America and south East Asia to place prodigious importance of state intervention to economic development and to dismay the western â€Å"liberal† model as useless and deceptive. As they themselves (western countries, including Japan) all at some point in their economic development guided their economy towards what they thought was suitable and progressive, which is called â€Å"industrialisation†. How to cite Explanations of East Asian Economic Development, Papers

My Childhood Memory free essay sample

One memory that really sticks out in my mind from my childhood is when I got my first skateboard. I remember for weeks after I spent hours upon hours outside on it, and I continue to ride to this day. It was the day of the party for my 8th birthday. I was outside playing basketball waiting impatiently for people to arrive. As they began to arrive a marveled at all the gifts being brought into the house. The party went slowly by as I waited to open my fits.When the time finally came to open gifts I remember being disappointed in most of them. I had one gift left to open and Judging by the size of it I didnt think it would be anything good. I opened it up and saw a skateboard. I thanked my grandparents politely for giving me the gift and set it off to the side so I could enjoy the rest of the party. We will write a custom essay sample on My Childhood Memory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The next day I went outside to try it out so the gift wouldnt be completely wasted and to my surprise I loved riding it.There was such a good feeling of freedom and individuality knowing that in the sport of skating I didnt have to do what others did, I didnt have to depend on others, and didnt have a coach telling how to do things, it was all Just me. This is an important memory from my childhood because to this day I continue to ride skateboards and love every minute of It. Sometimes I reflect on my grandparents decision to get me something I never asked for and I thank them for that.

Young Adults Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Young Adults Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder? Answer: Introduction Community plays an important role in occupational programs that encompasses the schizophrenic and bipolar clients for independence and improved quality of life. Therefore, client-cantered programs and a community approach are required to restore and enhance the well-being and functioning of the clients (Craig, 2002). According to World Health Organization (WHO) schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder that is characterised by many disruptions in perception, thinking and lack of sense of self and affecting language. On the other hand, bipolar disorder is characterised by depressive and mood episodes that are separated by the periods of normal mood. There are irritable or depressive moods, pressure of speech, over-activity, decreased sleep and inflated self-esteem. These cognitive impairments in memory and executive functioning have direct implications on their quality of life in the social domain that leads to social exclusion and as a result, there is inhibition of occup ational engagement. Background and significance Schizophrenia is a condition that is characterised by failure to distinguish the real and have abnormal social behaviour. The common symptoms are confused or unclear thinking, false beliefs, lack of motivation, hearing voices and reduction of social engagement. The genetic and environmental factors are the causes of schizophrenia. Along with the pharmacological interventions, psychosocial interventions are also required like assertive community engagement and family therapy. This condition is associated with social and psychological factors that have serious implications on their quality of life and social life (Frith, 2014). On the other hand bipolar disorder is a maniac or depressive illness that causes unusual shifts in the energy, mood and their ability to perform the day to day activities. There are many risk factors that contribute to bipolar disorder like brain structure and functioning, genetics and family history. There are candidate genes and chromosomal regions that are related to the disorder. Abnormal brain structure and functioning like abnormal modulation in the limbic regions and ventral frontal regions. Other reports indicate that environmental factors also predispose to bipolar disorder like abusive or traumatic childhood experiences that increase the suicidal attempts and onset of stage. The Dopamine hypothesis explains that the dopamine increase results in the down regulation of secondary homeostatic receptors and systems and G-protein couple receptors that are dopamine mediated. The decrease in the volume of the certain areas of the hippocampus that deals with the memory processing is the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (Dimeff Linehan, 2001). Literature Review Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia is a condition that presents a spectrum of challenges when it comes to diagnosis as well as treatment. Studies show that there is need for occupational therapy to supplement as well as optimize the benefits of the medication. However, clinicians and researchers recognise that the quality of life outcome is as essential as clinical result to successful treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Also, literature shows that occupational therapist interventions benefit schizophrenia patients as well as have the ability to significantly improve their social functioning plus reduce substantial social costs of the illness. The rationale for this proposal is to provide a safe place for young adults with schizophrenia and mental disorder to express themselves as well as learn new skills and socialize. It explains how the proposal is supposed to be carried out and obtain results. Societal Issues and Implications Associated with Schizophrenia Mental Disorder Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders have associated social and psychological issues that have serious implications on their quality of life. There is dependency of social outcomes in individuals with these conditions on the societal context. The main characteristic of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is social functioning impairment. There is deterioration in the social relations that leads to social isolation and withdrawal which are the main social problems faced by a schizophrenic or bipolar clients. These social deficits give rise to social consequences like stigma, social isolation and problems in the family relationships. This social exclusion results in unemployment that has an effect on their treatment and social engagement. There are social implications of schizophrenia like poor social judgment in the social situations (Australian New Zealand College of Bipolar Disorder, 2016). Alienation; According to Brent et al., (2014) the social impairment and premorbid development is associated with these mental disorders. Divergent thinking; It is a presentation of psychosis where the individual finds a way to solve problems through many possible solutions in an effort to find the working solution. Social judgment; It is characterised by the paramount and essential battle that ameliorates the stigma effects and the consequences of the societal attitudes that are the reactions to these mental disorders unintended and hapless nonconformity. The poor social judgment leads to poor negotiations in the social relationships and inability to understand the others viewpoints and lose social contact with the material world. Psychological Issues The delusions and hallucinations, disorganised speech, lack of mood and repetition of speech or movement are the cluster of psychological issues that are caused due to these mental disorders. However, gradual progression of these symptoms severely affects the social life and they try to withdraw themselves from the social life due to exhibition of inappropriate mood that makes the social relationships difficult. These consequences lead to joblessness and there is social disengagement and in community participation. Therefore, there is a need for community participation and programming that is lacking in the system to help these individuals living with the disorder (Niv et al., 2014). Identification of Needs for the Clients There are unmet needs of these individuals and need for community based programs that are devoted to the economic and psychosocial needs where they face economic difficulties and lack of community care. Some of the unmet psychosocial needs find their way to the reinforcement of these individuals and in improving their quality of life. Many people are not familiar with these mental health disorders and consider them to be subjects of violence and different from the general population. There is discrimination and stigma that restricts these individuals in availing the healthcare services and options for employment. Therefore, there are many community-based occupational programs and public health initiatives that are being implemented in many regions of the country to include these individuals into the mainstream (Pitschel-Walz et al., 2015).There is less acceptance and lack of awareness and understanding of the prevailing mental disorders in the community. Ongoing Occupational Program in Australia The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) was developed with an aim to define and guide occupational therapists. There is reference to specific models that articulate occupational programs to improve the quality of life for people living with these mental disorders (Mulligan et al., 2014). For example, Mind, Australia is one of the countrys leading community-based mental health services that support people who are dealing with daily struggles due to the mental illness implications over 40 years. They provide healthcare services and motivational support to these individuals and offer social connection through group activities (Brady et al., 2017). Methodology Community-Based Occupational Program Plan For the development of a community-based occupational plan, the occupational therapists play an important role in selecting activities and occupations that would help to achieve the desired needs of client (Hagedorn, 2000). Firstly, there is interaction between the occupational therapists with the clients to take note of their environmental and social context and decide on occupations that are suited to the client. A program desired to meet a variety of interests to accommodate many clients. Creative Arts for Creative Minds is a performing arts group exclusive to clients with a mental disorder. This step requires understanding of the dynamic and complex client factors, performance patterns, skills and activity demands. The plan would also decide on the aspects that influence the clients and evaluate the performances of the clients that would support their occupational performance. Service Delivery Models The service delivery model would help provide direct services to the clients in a community setting. For this, direct contact with the clients is important through meetings, group session and through telehealth systems (Young, KloskoWeishaar, 2003). Providing a service called Creative Arts for Creative Minds would provide clients with the opportunity to socialise with others diagnosed with a mental illness and schizophrenia. It is a space to express oneself through drama and role playing. There is also opportunity for parents/carers to meet up as a means of support. Next step would be to decide the advocacy that can directly affect the lives of the clients that include transportation required for the people with physical or mental disabilities so that it can support their living and also work in the community. Finding the Occupational Profile Using a client-centered approach would be necessary to gather information and understanding of the cultural background along with the identification of the interests and past experiences of the client (Sundsteigen, Eklund Dahlin-Ivanoff, 2009). For example, occupational plan helps to identify the individual interests. Creative Arts for Creative Minds as mentioned above offers a variety of opportunities to participate in different areas of theatre. Clients whether extroverts or introverts can choose to be in the limelight or behind the scenes. (E.g. the sound desk for the tech savvy as well as props and costumes) Procedure Principles of group behaviour change Some of the principles of group behaviour change would be to create an atmosphere of trust, value the experiential knowledge, belief that change is possible, interactions construct knowledge. Also, the behaviour change proceed from action to reflection and again back to action and in the acquisition of knowledge where people acts as the active participants. Others include democratic decision-making and sharing of life-experiences. Critical thinking has the ability to develop the critical consciousness and then perform actions. Ideally, the service delivery model mentioned above would be a procedural way to access the client to use Banduras self efficacy as a form of measurement for satisfaction as explained below. Banduras self-efficacy Vicarious experience refers to when a person hear the experiences of others and learn from them. Social persuasion is where a person imitate others reactions. Physiological reactions that includes normalization of the reactions and the physiological response management. Mastery experience includes the positive and successful feedback from the leader and group for reinforcing the belief that a person is able to manage a task successfully. Occupations for the clients with mental illness disorder Self-Care; Clients need assistance in practicing healthy behaviours such as weight-control and exercise. Activities of Daily Living (ADL); Functional independence is required for them to perform ADL as it is the foundation of a successful recovery. The activities like brushing, cleaning, bathing require ADL skills that provide them a sense of independence. Leisure; Taking participation in leisure activities is important for their health, active living and in improving their quality of life. Work; They require means of employment to live a life of independence and live their life in a meaningful way. Sleep/Rest; These individuals require proper sleep and rest as there is sleep-rest disruption experienced by the clients. Social Participation; They have social adaptation issues and require inclusion into the social events in their spheres of life. However, these occupations can be linked to Model for Human Occupation (MOHO) domains as it provides client-centered programs that take into account the mind and body that complement the theories of occupational therapy (Jonsson, 2008). Some of the resources include ADL scales, sensory testing, assistive devices that evaluate the work, ADL and leisure skills, knowledge skills. Also, community resources like park, open spaces and neighbourhood mobility support the individuals. Experienced and certified staff; Information for the family members and carers regarding the undertaking of the activities, strategies and equipment that promotes independence and support among these individuals Timing; The activities like physical exercise, group activities can be performed during the daytime. Leisure activities can be performed during the evening time as it would provide them relaxation and promote the life skills. Self-care and ADL activities should be scheduled according to the clients preferences and timings to perform the ADL. Creative Arts for Creative Minds would meet once a week for two hours. It could run according to the school terms so goals could be established and achieved within a timeframe. For example, the beginning of each school term would start fresh with new ideas, allowing people to join the group at any time. Venue; I have chosen Lind Lane Theatre in Nambour due to the location being central on the Sunshine Coast. The website is www.lindlane.com.au. The theatre can be hired out and the price is negotiated as discounts may apply dependent on the organisation. A basic hire gives access to Front of House area, stage, wings, green room, loading dock SM Desk. Occupational therapists create goals that assist the individuals in self-care, play and work. Role playing and understanding emotional self-regulation is one of the primary goals. Second is encouraging integration into society. Whilst the group is exclusive to those with a mental illness diagnoses, there is opportunity to participate in mainstream theatre. There are a number of performing art groups on the coast that hold auditions if the clients are confident. Third is to assist clients in learning to perform new tasks according to their desires (Shimada et al., 2016). Depending on client interest, there are several areas in theatre where one could learn new skills and develop confidence and possibly lead to work opportunities. Being able to work in a group, share ideas and thoughts is another program goal where the occupational therapist should accept constructive criticism and be able to change or adapt. Short term goals; These are designed to help the clients enjoy success and work towards goals to be achieved in few weeks or months. Long-term goals; They are performed when the clients are able to finally reach the ultimate goals where they would be able to live life independently and learn to live with the disability. Program Activities; These activities are designed according to the capability and preferences of the clients. They include writing Storylines/plays/poems, acting/role playing, creating props/art craft, sound lighting desk/computers and making costumes/sewing Participant Recruitment; The recruitment of the participants is a challenging task. However, referrals would be the most effective way to gather clients together, either through GPs or psychologists or psychiatrists. Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) It involves human occupation that is being influenced by volition, habituation and performance aspects and the environment. It motivates the persons values, interests and belief in the skill. Habituation helps a person to understand their role in their lives, pattern of behaviour, routine and rules in life. It provides a framework for holistic and client-centered model where they include the cognitive, motor and emotional skills within the environment that influences their occupation in social and physical forms. Occupational Performance Model (Australia) This model establishes the relationship between the human and environment and how the occupations affect their social relationships in their lifetime. There are eight major constructs in the theoretical structure that includes occupational performance, performance roles, occupational roles, space, time and environment. The therapist aims to fulfil these barriers and enablers that the person may face and is greatly guided by the outcomes (Josephine Durkin PhD, 2014). Person-Environment Occupation (PEO) Model This model has three components that help to describe the activities that a person performs in their daily life, their motivations and the influence of the personal characteristics that combine with the occupations that they undertake and influence their performance. This model states that the people through these occupations can develop their self-identity and a sense of satisfaction and fulfilment so that they understand their identity and have a place in the society and environment (Bass, Baum Christiansen, 2017). This model explains the overall strategies, purposes and the interpretation of the clients circumstances that clarify the aims and occupational therapy application within the cultural and social context of the client (Mattila Dolhi, 2016). Client-centered approach to occupational interventions There is client-centered way of thinking which emphasize on the understanding and active listening and in developing a healthy client-therapist relationship for successful outcomes. This is a partnership between the therapist and client that would help to empower the clients to get engaged in the functional performance and also aid in fulfilling their occupational roles in variety of settings and environment. The clients act as the centre of the interventions that helps to prioritize the goals that are client-centered. This approach also helps the therapists to listen to and respect the values and needs of the clients to make them adaptive to the interventions and in making informed decisions. This would also help to enable the clients to gain control over their situations and progress towards achievement of the goals (Csikszentmihalyi, 2002). This would also help to make the clients have an active participation in the decision-making and negotiation in the making of goals and priori ty given to the clients for assessment, evaluation and interventions (Gunnarsson Eklund, 2009). The therapists provide pertinent information to the clients regarding the intervention goals, perspectives and wishes to assess the knowledge about the program and for its positive outcomes. Outcomes of occupational programs Some of the outcomes of occupational programs are; to identify the client-centered occupational goals, to help them assist with ADLs (Activities of Daily Living), to help them become socially engaged and promote a good quality of life and lastly to assist them maintain a fulfilling life with the disability Conclusion Community plays an important role in these occupational programs that encompasses the schizophrenic and bipolar patients to make them independent and improve their quality of life. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders have associated social and psychological issues that have serious implications on their quality of life. There is dependency of social outcomes in individuals with these conditions on the societal context. Community-based Occupational Program Plan provides understanding of the dynamic and complex client factors, performance patterns, skills and activity demands. The plan would also decide on the aspects that influence the clients and evaluate the performances of the clients that would support their occupational performance. Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is influenced by volition, habituation and performance aspects and the environment. It motivates the persons values, interests and belief in the skill. Therefore, community-based occupational based programs are benefic ial for the people living with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to improve their life and enhance social inclusion. 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